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Christella dentata

(Forssk.) Brownsey & Jermy (1973)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Pteridophyta Class/Clade: Polypodiopsida Order: Polypodiales Family: Thelypteridaceae Genus: Christella

downy wood fern, pai‘i‘ihā [paiiiha]

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form:

Stems:

Roots:

Leaves:

Sori:

Gametophyte:

Ploidy:

Habitat:

Elevation Range:

Historical Distribution

Synonyms (50)

Aspidium aquapimense Schumach. (1827)
Aspidium molle Sw. (1801)
Aspidium natalense Fée (1857)
Aspidium nymphale (G.Forst.) Schkuhr (1801)
Aspidium violascens Link (1833)
Christella dentata var. caespitosa Holttum (1986)
Christella dentata var. himalayensis Punetha & Kholia (1990)
Christella malabariensis (Fée) Holttum (1976)
Christella nymphalis (G.Forst.) Pic.Serm. (1977)
Christella taprobanica (Panigrahi) Holttum (1976)
Cyclosorus caespitosus (Holttum) Mazumdar & R.Mukhop. (2013)
Cyclosorus dentatus (Forssk.) Ching (1938)
Cyclosorus dentatus var. violascens (Link) Abbiatti (1964)
Cyclosorus dicarpus (Fée) Ching (1941)
Cyclosorus jiulungshanensis Chiu & Yao ex Ching (1982)
Cyclosorus mekongensis Ching (1999)
Cyclosorus mindanaensis (Christ) Ching (1941)
Cyclosorus mollis (Sw.) Vareschi (1969)
Cyclosorus nymphalis (G.Forst.) Ching (1941)
Cyclosorus proximus Ching (1964)
Cyclosorus stenopes Ching & K.H.Shing (1999)
Cyclosorus taprobanicus (Panigrahi) Panigrahi (1993)
Cyclosorus wangii Ching (1964)
Dryopteris dentata (Forssk.) C.Chr. (1920)
Dryopteris dicarpa (Fée) C.Chr. (1905)
Dryopteris mindanaensis Christ (1907)
Dryopteris mollis (Sw.) Hieron. (1907)
Dryopteris nymphalis (G.Forst.) Copel. (1929)
Dryopteris reducta (Small) M.Broun (1938)
Dryopteris submollis Alderw. (1920)
Hemestheum molle Gand. (1891)
Nephrodium dentatum (Forssk.) Kümmerle (1933)
Nephrodium dicarpum Fée (1852)
Nephrodium malabariense Fée (1865)
Nephrodium molle (Sw.) R.Br. (1810)
Nephrodium nymphale (G.Forst.) Desv. (1827)
Nephrodium violascens (Link) Fée (1852)
Polypodium dentatum Forssk. (1775)
Polypodium molle Jacq. (1789)
Polypodium nymphale G.Forst. (1786)
Polystichum molle (Sw.) Gaudich. (1828)
Polystichum nymphale (G.Forst.) Gaudich. (1828)
Thelypteris dentata (Forssk.) E.P.St.John (1936)
Thelypteris dentata var. violascens (Link) C.F.Reed (1968)
Thelypteris dicarpa (Fée) C.F.Reed (1968)
Thelypteris malabariensis (Fée) Panigrahi (1975)
Thelypteris mindanaensis (Christ) C.F.Reed (1968)
Thelypteris nymphalis (G.Forst.) C.F.Reed (1968)
Thelypteris reducta Small (1938)
Thelypteris taprobanica Panigrahi (1976)

Uses and Culture

USES

  • Yes

Natural History

Statewide Status

Naturalized

Island Status

Ni'ihau(Incl. Lehua) Naturalized
Kaua'i Naturalized
O'ahu Naturalized
Molokai Naturalized
Lana'i Naturalized
Kaho'olawe Naturalized
Maui Naturalized
Hawai'i Naturalized

Dispersal Agents


Bibliography

Name Published In: Brit. Fern Gaz. 10: 338 (1973)

Other References

Palmer 2003:88 (K, O, Mo, L, M, H [as C. dentata]); Imada 2007:39 (Ni); Snow et al. 2011:15 (Syn. Christella dentata = Cyclosorus dentatus); Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group 2016:585/Fawcett & Smith 2021:36 (Syn. Cyclosorus dentatus = Christella dentata); Imada & Kennedy 2020:86 (Ka)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Christella dentata S Ridge of Kipapa Gulch, Waipio-Waiawa; Koolau Range Rain forest; On ground, side of trail Preserved_Specimen Wilson, K.A. 172 Oahu BISH 1952-11-23
2 Christella dentata Hauula-Koolau Range. Maakua-Papali Ridge On shaded-moist ground among Elaphoglossum and Stenoloma Preserved_Specimen Wilson, K.A. 149 Oahu BISH 1949-10-26
3 Christella dentata NE part near Waaiki Gulch, bottom of gully Bottom of gully in shade of Prosopis pallida and Nicotiana glauca Preserved_Specimen Cuddihy, L.W. 405 Kahoolawe BISH 1980-04-24
4 Christella dentata N.slope Puu Olomana, Kailua Foot of precipice in deep bush mostly shady Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 9027 Oahu BISH 1932-11-13
5 Christella dentata Kalauao moist valley bottom Preserved_Specimen Hume, E.P. 146 Oahu BISH 1931-03-29
6 Christella dentata Puna, between Pahoa and Kalapana In forest of high lehua trees Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Hawaii BISH 1929-08-04
7 Christella dentata Kawainui Ditch Trail Abundant on shaded ground near stream. Preserved_Specimen Crosby, M.R. 1577 Oahu BISH 1964-06-28
8 Christella dentata Waianae Mts., Puu Kaala, Kamananui, Mokuleia, gulch east of Puu Kaupakuhale. In moist gully. Preserved_Specimen Swezey, O.H. Oahu BISH 1932-10-23
9 Christella dentata Kipapa Gulch, Waipio District Metrosideros-Antidesma forest Preserved_Specimen Grant, M.L. 7171 Oahu BISH 1934-08-08
10 Christella dentata Kaluaa gulch, field no. Waianae_180, prc 893 wet streambed among rotting logs Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 1856 Oahu BISH 1984-11-18
11 Christella dentata Maunalei Gulch kukui forest Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 24285 Lanai BISH 1957-08-16
12 Christella dentata Waimea District: Poomau, below Mohihi Falls Secondary invasive Aleurites dry forest and cliffs w/ some cliff natives such as Nototrichium sandwicensis, Doryopters decora, Lipochaeta connata acris, Panicum beecheyi, Poa mannii, Carex meyenii, Eu Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 19677 Kauai BISH 2025-01-07
13 Christella dentata Kalauao moist valley bottom Preserved_Specimen Hume, E.P. 146 Oahu BISH 1931-03-29
14 Christella dentata East Maui, Hana District, Kalahu Point, PTBG Kahanu Garden, SSE of Piilanihale Heiau Pandanus forest, rough aa lava, on boulders with Christella parasitica Preserved_Specimen Flynn, T.W. 2486 Maui BISH 1987-10-20
15 Christella dentata Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve: on the side of Paaiki Valley Naturalized fern, common in Hawaii. Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 1972 Kauai BISH 1971-07-04
16 Christella dentata Wainiha Valley, Wainiha Steep slope, moist lower forest. Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 13916 Kauai BISH 1934-01-01
17 Christella dentata East Maui, Kamohe Gulch, Manawainni dry, on ground Preserved_Specimen Wilson, K.A. 95 Maui BISH 1951-12-26
18 Christella dentata On Koolau mountain range. Along Waahila Ridge trail Growing under Schinus and guava trees. Common. Preserved_Specimen Herat, T. 330 Oahu BISH 1973-06-18
19 Christella dentata Manoa Cliff Contour Trail, Manoa, Oahu, Hawaii Growing along side the trail in large patches mixed in with Christella parasitica. Preserved_Specimen Crago, L.M. 2005213 Oahu BISH 2005-11-01
20 Christella dentata Napali Coast; Maunapuluo; Hanakapiai Along stream in gorge. Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 10881 Kauai BISH 1930-12-30
21 Christella dentata Awaawapuhi Valley: Honopu Mesic forest. Preserved_Specimen Stone, B.C. 1578 Kauai BISH 1956-12-29
22 Christella dentata Kamokou Preserve, Kamoku Flats, East Moloka`i. Montane Metrosideros forest. Preserved_Specimen Pratt, L.W. 1231 Molokai BISH 1982-05-29
23 Christella dentata Halawa, base of upper Moaula Falls wet by spray Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 12659 Molokai BISH 1932-12-27
24 Christella dentata Roadside near Rainbow Falls, Hilo Rather common fern along roadsides. Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 516 Hawaii BISH 1915-05-16
25 Christella dentata Waianae Mts., Schofield Barracks Forest Reserve, Kolekole Pass, trail S of road. Secondary rainforest, humus soil, full shade. Preserved_Specimen Hernandez, J.P. 44 Oahu BISH 2006-03-04
26 Christella dentata Kalauao-Waimalu ridge, Koolau Range, Ewa forest reserve Tufts in wet woods Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 13000 Oahu BISH 1933-03-29
27 Christella dentata Puna; lower Pulama between Punaluu and Wahaula, mauka (north) of old trail In deep lava crack providing shade & moisture; about 20 ft below land level. Preserved_Specimen Stone, B.C. 3009 Hawaii BISH 1959-07-02
28 Christella dentata Kipapa Gulch, Waipio, south ridge, Koolau Mts. In moist woods. Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 919 Oahu BISH 1933-03-01
29 Christella dentata Waianae Mts, Honouliuli, Pohakia pass Foot of cliff Preserved_Specimen F.R. Fosberg 9513 Oahu BISH 1933-05-12
30 Christella dentata Kokee Region: [Avocado Pear Valley; southwest of Puuhinahina Clearing. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 28042 Kauai BISH 1960-11-28
31 Christella dentata Hanalei District, Honopu side of the Kalepa ridge trail Acacia-Metrosideros forest Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 18019 Kauai BISH 2018-12-19
32 Christella dentata near Halawa Falls trail damp slopes; with guava, Eugenia Preserved_Specimen Thorne, K. 9127 Molokai BISH 1991-05-02
33 Christella dentata Koloa Gulch Shaded woods along stream Preserved_Specimen Crosby, M.R. 1742 Oahu BISH 1964-07-12
34 Christella dentata Honokahau Drainage Basin Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 474 Maui BISH 1917-09-25
35 Christella dentata Wailupe, on west slope of Wailupe Gulch in upper haole koa zone at base of rock outcrop Preserved_Specimen Egler, F.E. 37288 Oahu BISH 1937-03-02
36 Christella dentata Mt. Tantalus upper woods Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 9880 Oahu BISH 1929-09-26
37 Christella dentata Kipapa Gulch, north ridge, Koolau Mts. Moist gully. Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 653 Oahu BISH 1932-07-10
38 Christella dentata N.Halawa Valley on natural near Halwa Stream, in shade with occasional sun Preserved_Specimen McConnell, K. Oahu BISH 1992-03-01
39 Christella dentata Kau, Moaula, Pahala Open dry fields. Perennial herb. Preserved_Specimen Russ, G.W. 31 Hawaii BISH 1927-06-01
40 Christella dentata Haupu (Hoary Head Mts.); Kipu Moist forest. Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 13676 Kauai BISH 1933-12-25
41 Christella dentata Ahuimanu Valley, Kaneoha, beyone Valley of the Temples, Deep gulch in slope from base of Koolau Mts. In dense forest of Psidium cattleyanum and Syzygium cumini Preserved_Specimen F.R. Fosberg 65572 oahu BISH 1989-03-25
42 Christella dentata Puukea, Eucalyptus grove, Laie Preserved_Specimen Luke, L. 73 Oahu BISH 1976-12-01
43 Christella dentata Palolo Valley Preserved_Specimen Garber, D.W. 37 Oahu BISH 1919-11-02
44 Christella dentata Haena Preserved_Specimen Stone, B.C. 836 Kauai BISH 1955-06-18
45 Christella dentata Alakuo Preserved_Specimen Topping, D.L. 2656 Oahu BISH 1923-05-27
46 Christella dentata Kalaupapa; Waikolu Preserved_Specimen Hughes, G.D. 1114 Molokai BISH 2004-12-09
47 Christella dentata Windward side of Koolau Range, just below Nuuanu Pali Preserved_Specimen Harris, J.A. 242017 Oahu BISH 1924-08-14
48 Christella dentata Waimea District: from bottom of Mahanaloa Valley to junction with Kuia Valley Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 5069 Kauai BISH 1983-08-31
49 Christella dentata Waialae Valley, near borders of main stream Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1947 Oahu BISH 1914-10-15
50 Christella dentata East Maui, Makawao District, Hwy. 36, opposite Waipio Bay Preserved_Specimen Krajina, V.J. 620420013 Maui BISH 1962-04-20
51 Christella dentata South Kona Forest Reserve about 4 1/2 mi from Milolii on Rt. 11. On the Mauka side of road Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6276 Hawaii BISH 1970-01-07
52 Christella dentata East Maui, 'behind' Honomanu Valley, 'before' Manuanua(?) Valley at Hwy. 36 20.9N 156.1W Preserved_Specimen Krajina, V.J. 620420038 Maui BISH 1962-04-20
53 Christella dentata Honopu, Awaawapuhi Trail. Preserved_Specimen Higgins, N.H. 132 Kauai BISH 1956-12-29
54 Christella dentata East Maui, along Hana Hwy., Nuaailua Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 1758 Maui BISH 1983-05-19
55 Christella dentata Waianae Mts., Makaleha Preserved_Specimen Smith, F.G. 12 Oahu BISH 1929-01-14
56 Christella dentata Palolo Valley Preserved_Specimen Garber, D.W. 37 Oahu BISH 1919-11-02
57 Christella dentata Kaiholena Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 191 Lanai BISH 1913-01-01
58 Christella dentata Pupukea, Eucalyptus grove, Laie Preserved_Specimen Kingsley, L. 73 Oahu BISH 1976-12-01
59 Christella dentata Manoa Arboretum Preserved_Specimen Forbes, A. 9 Oahu BISH 1929-06-12
60 Christella dentata Waipio Valley; along jeep road to the first falls Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6250 Hawaii BISH 1970-01-02
61 Christella dentata Waialae Valley Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1947 Oahu BISH 1914-10-15
62 Christella dentata Kilauea, N.E. Ledge Preserved_Specimen Krajina, V.J. 611226088 Hawaii BISH 1961-12-26
63 Christella dentata Wailau Valley Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 13201 Molokai BISH 1933-07-03
64 Christella dentata ridge S of Halawa Valley Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 513 Molokai BISH 1912-09-01
65 Christella dentata Maui Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 28041 Maui BISH 1927-01-01
66 Christella dentata Palolo Valley Preserved_Specimen Garber, D.W. 38 Oahu BISH 1919-11-02
67 Christella dentata Koolau Range, Waimea, Pupukea-Kahuku Road Preserved_Specimen Chock, A.K. 872 Oahu BISH 1953-03-18
68 Christella dentata Wailau Valley Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 13201 Molokai BISH 1933-07-03
69 Christella dentata Kona, Kahaluu FR, jeep road ~1/2 mi above lower forestry gate Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 5442 Hawaii BISH 1975-08-26
70 Christella dentata Kaiholena Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 2 Lanai BISH
71 Christella dentata East Maui, Waihou gulch, Olinda Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 845 Maui BISH 1980-07-06
72 Christella dentata Mts. near Koele Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 48 Lanai BISH 1913-06-01
73 Christella dentata East Maui, 'behind' Honomanu Valley, 'before' Manuanua(?) Valley at Hwy. 36 20.9N 156.1W Preserved_Specimen Krajina, V.J. 620420038 Maui BISH 1962-04-20
74 Christella dentata Waipio Valley; along jeep road to the first falls Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6246 Hawaii BISH 1970-01-02
75 Christella dentata Koolau Mts.; Mt. Tantalus; Manoa Cliffs 21.3N 157.8W Preserved_Specimen Krajina, V.J. 611028206 Oahu BISH 1961-10-28
76 Christella dentata Manoa Arb., Haukulu Preserved_Specimen Russell, P. 30 Oahu BISH 1932-07-07
77 Christella dentata Waianae Mts., valley bottom Preserved_Specimen Bryan Jr., E.H. Oahu BISH 1932-10-23
78 Christella dentata Waimanu Trail, Waimanu Valley Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6093 Oahu BISH 1969-09-13
79 Christella dentata South Kona Forest Reserve about 4 1/2 mi from Milolii on Rt. 11. On the Mauka side of road Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6276 Hawaii BISH 1970-01-07
80 Christella dentata Waianae Mts. E.slope of Puu Hapapa near Honouliuli Contour Trail Preserved_Specimen Krajina, V.J. 611126006 Oahu BISH 1961-11-26
81 Christella dentata Kohala Mts., Upper Hamakua ditch betw. Koiawe and Makahi Preserved_Specimen Cranwell, L.M. 3148 Hawaii BISH 1938-09-07
82 Christella dentata Waiakeakua Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 60 Lanai BISH 1927-06-07
83 Christella dentata Tantalus Preserved_Specimen Smith, F.G. 58 Oahu BISH 1929-02-01
84 Christella dentata Foot of plateau, SE Preserved_Specimen Stokes, J.F.G. Niihau BISH 1912-01-01
85 Christella dentata Bishop Museum Grounds Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. Oahu BISH 1931-10-14
86 Christella dentata Manoa Valley Preserved_Specimen Kerr, M. Oahu BISH 1946-03-17
87 Christella dentata Aihualama Ginger Valley Preserved_Specimen Lyon, H.L. Oahu BISH 1929-11-10
88 Christella dentata Oahu or Hawaii, Kona or Hawaii Preserved_Specimen Lack, F. Not on sheet BISH 1880-01-01
89 Christella dentata East Maui, Haleakala Crater, Waikane Springs in small cave with water drops Preserved_Specimen Welton, P. Maui BISH 1994-08-09
90 Christella dentata Bishop Museum Grounds Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. Oahu BISH 1931-10-14
91 Christella dentata Waiawa Valley. Preserved_Specimen Lyon, H.L. Oahu BISH 1928-08-04
92 Christella dentata Pacific Heights ridge. Preserved_Specimen Lyon, H.L. Oahu BISH 1922-11-05
93 Christella dentata Punaluu Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Oahu BISH 1908-11-01
94 Christella dentata Waianae Mts., S part of Puu Hapapa Preserved_Specimen Selling, O. 3734 Oahu BISH 1938-09-03
95 Christella dentata Kalulu Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. Lanai BISH 1916-03-24
96 Christella dentata Punaluu Preserved_Specimen Meebold, A. Oahu BISH 1932-05-01
97 Christella dentata Niu Valley. Preserved_Specimen Lyon, H.L. Oahu BISH 1909-07-11
98 Christella dentata Aihualama, Manoa. Preserved_Specimen Lyon, H.L. Oahu BISH 1926-10-03
99 Christella dentata Palolo. Preserved_Specimen Lyon, H.L. Oahu BISH 1908-10-25
100 Christella dentata Waianae Mts., W of Kuna, SW of Maunauna, contour trail Preserved_Specimen Bryan Jr., E.H. Oahu BISH 1967-07-04
101 Christella dentata Kawailoa, Kawainui Stream. Preserved_Specimen Lohman, M.L. Oahu BISH 1949-09-17
102 Christella dentata Tantalus Preserved_Specimen Pahu Oahu BISH 1902-09-02
103 Christella dentata unknown Preserved_Specimen Judd, J.R. 35 BISH 1888-01-01
104 Christella dentata Home, Olowalu Valley, up R side, on ridge Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 2466 Maui BISH 1920-05-23
105 Christella dentata Aihualama Ginger Valley Preserved_Specimen Lyon, H.L. Oahu BISH 1929-11-10
106 Christella dentata East Maui, 'behind' Honomanu Valley, 'before' Manuanua(?) Valley at Hwy. 36 20.9N 156.1W Preserved_Specimen Krajina, V.J. 620420038 Maui BISH 1962-04-20
107 Christella dentata Waianae Range gulch 3.5 miles from forestry gate Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6395 Oahu BISH 1970-03-01
108 Christella dentata Waianae Mts., Mokuleia, Firebreak Trail Extension, below Puu Iki In shaded gulch, under kukui trees Preserved_Specimen Wilbur, R.L. 392 Oahu BISH 1947-12-07
109 Christella dentata Kalulu, Kapano Gulch woods Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 18770 Lanai BISH 1938-04-10
110 Christella dentata Waikane, Koolau Mts., On wooded slope Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 295 Oahu BISH 1930-08-09
111 Christella dentata Kaluanui Stream valley below Sacred Falls E. slope of Koolau range deeply entrenched 1200ft. gorge in volcanic rock 1.6 mi.-2.1 mi SSW of Hauula Disturbed wet woods tatus slopes near bottom of gorge (alt.400-600ft.) Preserved_Specimen Iltis, H.H. 363 Oahu BISH 1967-07-27
112 Christella dentata Puu Kalena, Waianae Mts., Waianae Kai Common in woods Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 12953 Oahu BISH 1933-03-12
113 Christella dentata Kokee: Waimea: Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve Woods. Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 10740 Kauai BISH 1930-12-27
114 Christella dentata Hawaii Forest near Hilo Preserved_Specimen Newell, Brother M. Hawaii BISH 1910-01-01
115 Christella dentata unknown Preserved_Specimen (Not on sheet) BISH
116 Christella dentata unknown Preserved_Specimen (Not on sheet) BISH
117 Christella dentata Hanalei District: Limahuli Valley. Secondary forest along stream in valley bottom Along stream in valley bottom. Dominated by Psidium, Aleurites and Schefflera with scattered Metrosideros, Pisonia and Hedyotis. Preserved_Specimen Flynn, T.W. 2312 Kauai BISH 1987-08-20
118 Christella dentata Mauna Loa, Keauohana For. Res., Kaimu, Puna Damp forest Preserved_Specimen Lyman, R. Hawaii BISH 1929-12-26
119 Christella dentata Gulch E of Puu Kaupakuhale, Mokuleia, Kamananui, Puu Kaala, Waianae Mts valley bottom Preserved_Specimen Bryan Jr., E.H. Oahu BISH 1932-10-23
120 Christella dentata Kaaealii, Maunalei Gulch Rocky gulch bottom Preserved_Specimen F.R. Fosberg 12559 Lanai BISH 1935-12-02
121 Christella dentata Puu Peahinaia, Paalaa-Kawailoa Divide, Koolau Mts Lower edge of open woods Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 11114 Oahu BISH 1931-10-04
122 Christella dentata Waianae Mts., Makaleha Valley, NE slope of Kaala shady grove Preserved_Specimen Stone, B.C. 2761 Oahu BISH 1959-04-27
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