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Portulaca lutea

Sol. ex G.Forst. (1786)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-CoreEudicot Order: Caryophyllales Family: Portulacaceae Genus: Portulaca

‘ihi [ihi]

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Prostrate to weakly ascending perennial herbs.

Stems: Older stems with a thin, pale, corky layer of secondary growth.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate to subopposite. Blades obovate to orbicular, 10–25 mm long, 7–15 mm wide, upper ones occasionally involucrate around the flowers, succulent, tuft of hairs in the axil. Margins entire. Petiolate with a tuft of hairs up to 6 mm long in the leaf axil. Stipules 2, connate basally.

Flowers: Flowers 1–3 in terminal, congested cymes on leafy or short leafless internodes 0.5–3 cm long. Flowers bisexual (perfect), actinomorphic or rarely slightly irregular, sessile or subsessile. Each flower subtended by bracteoles ca. 4 mm long and hairs ca. 2 mm long. Calyx of 2 sepals; sepals imbricate, persistent, suborbicular, ca. 7–9 mm long, the center fleshy, with a keel ca. 4 mm long. Corolla of 4–6(–8) petals; petals yellow, broadly obovate to obovate, ca. 10–12 mm long, distinct or connate at base, imbricate, apex emarginate to mucronate. Stamens (12)–18–50; filaments ca. 4 mm long, usually puberulent; anthers yellow to red, dithecal, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary partly inferior, 2–3(–9)-carpellate, soon becoming 1-celled, placentation free-central; ovules numerous; styles 2–9.

Fruit: Capsules membranous; ovoid; ca. 7 mm long; circumscissile ca. ⅓ from base. Seeds ca. 1 mm long; cells of the seed coat smooth to tessellate or slightly tuberculate.

Ploidy:

Habitat: Coastal and strand habitats; on lava; raised coralline reef; sand dunes; and in soil pockets or cracks.

Elevation Range: 0–40 m.

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

PROPAGATION/CULTIVATION

  • The fruits of Portulaca lutea are 1/4 inch oval capsules and are filled with tiny seeds. The capsules split open when ripe.
  • To clean the seeds, air dry them at room temperature in a bowl or paper bag. Carefully rub the capsules through a strainer with the appropriate size mesh. The seeds should fall through leaving the debris in the strainer.
  • Sow the seeds on the surface of a pre-moistened, sterile, well draining mix. Do not cover the seeds with soil. (Bornhorst 1996; Lilleng-Rosenberger 1998; Wagner 1990)
  • Portulaca lutea is easy to grow from tip cuttings. Rooting hormones and mist systems are not necessary. Cuttings should be 2 to 5 inches long and the lower leaves should be removed. Sterile potting mix can be used as a rooting medium. The cuttings should be watered daily. They will root in a couple of weeks. (Bornhorst 1996) Mew recommends rooting the cuttings in sand under a mist system. (Mew 1987) [Data from Herring, E. C., & Criley, R. A. (2003). The Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Web Site: Developing a Webbased Information Resource. HortTechnology, 13(3), 545-548. https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/hawnprop/]

Natural History

Statewide Status

Indigenous

Island Status

Ka'ula Indigenous
Ni'ihau(Incl. Lehua) Indigenous
Kuaihelani (Midway Atoll) Indigenous
Kaua'i Indigenous
O'ahu Indigenous
Kapou(Lisianski Island) Indigenous
Molokai Indigenous
Kamole(Laysan Island) Indigenous
Lana'i Indigenous
Pūhāhonu (Gardner Pinnacles) Indigenous
Lalo (French Frigate Shoals) Indigenous
Maui Indigenous
Mokumanamana(Necker) Indigenous
Hawai'i Indigenous
Nihoa Indigenous

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Diss. Pl. Esc.: 72 (1786)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1071 (Mi, Li, La, GP, FF, Ne, N, O, Mo, L, M, H); Wood 2006:19 (K); Imada 2007:39 (Kl); Starr & Starr 2008/Lamoureux 2811 BISH (Mi†, 1964); Caum 6 BISH (Kl†, 1932); Hank Oppenheimer pers. obs./Munro 72 BISH (L†, 1927); Note: Portulaca lutea readily hybridizes with P. oleracea and the plants on the NWHI may be reduced to hybrid swarms

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Portulaca lutea Popoia, small island off Kailua bottom of small pit in rock Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 8884 Oahu BISH 1932-11-08
2 Portulaca lutea Between Naaukahihi and Waiakanapo shore, coastal rocks, arid Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8915 Molokai BISH 1928-04-19
3 Portulaca lutea Kualoa, Mokolii Islet dry rocky slope Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 13595 Oahu BISH 1937-01-31
4 Portulaca lutea Maunalei Valley near coast Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 72 Lanai BISH 1927-06-09
5 Portulaca lutea shore of central lake Sesuvium patch Preserved_Specimen Caum, E.L. 4 Laysan Island BISH 1923-04-13
6 Portulaca lutea S end bare guano Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 6527 Laysan Island BISH 1980-07-14
7 Portulaca lutea E of South Point arid loess deposits near ocean Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8917 Hawaii BISH 1929-09-16
8 Portulaca lutea Laie Pt raised coral Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 10492 Oahu BISH 1930-04-20
9 Portulaca lutea Kaena Point in sand Preserved_Specimen Christophersen, E. 1396 Oahu BISH 1930-12-14
10 Portulaca lutea Lualualei sun exposed ledges in haole koa, with Portulaca pilosa Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 3286 Oahu BISH 1987-01-20
11 Portulaca lutea Lisianski Island low, open, sandy Preserved_Specimen Wilder, G.P. 9 Lisianski Island BISH 1923-05-15
12 Portulaca lutea Kaena Point arid, near ocean Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8914 Oahu BISH 1932-04-27
13 Portulaca lutea Koolau Range, Maunalua, near Koko Crater, 1/4 mi W of Kaloko top of beach, on coral sand Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 21513 Oahu BISH 1946-01-27
14 Portulaca lutea E side hard sand at edge of lagoon Preserved_Specimen Daniel, C.W. 28 Laysan Island BISH 1959-07-26
15 Portulaca lutea Laie Pt raised coral Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 10492 Oahu BISH 1930-04-20
16 Portulaca lutea Moomomi, Kaluakoi. on grassy coral sand dunes near beach Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 23490 Molokai BISH 1948-12-29
17 Portulaca lutea Kaohikaipu Islet, Waimanalo Bay thin sand over lava rock Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 14042 Oahu BISH 1937-06-13
18 Portulaca lutea Kaneohe Bay, Kapapa Islet raised reef, sandy coral Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 14035 Oahu BISH 1937-06-06
19 Portulaca lutea Kekepa Islet raised limestone reef; in soil pockets or in thin soil layer over limestone base. Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 5859 Oahu BISH 1976-06-06
20 Portulaca lutea Kaena Point sand dunes Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 13149 Oahu BISH 1936-05-31
21 Portulaca lutea French Frigate Shoals sand islands Preserved_Specimen Caum, E.L. 90 French Frigate Shoals BISH 1923-06-22
22 Portulaca lutea Between Kepuhi and Kaa shore, arid Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8916 Molokai BISH 1928-04-28
23 Portulaca lutea Kapapa, Oahu in open areas Preserved_Specimen Starr, F. 5041842 Oahu BISH 2005-04-18
24 Portulaca lutea Moomomi sand dunes Talus at base of sandstone bluff Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 13443 Molokai BISH 1936-12-26
25 Portulaca lutea Annexation Hill rocky slopes, pockets of soil Preserved_Specimen Conant, S. 84062806 Necker BISH 1984-06-28
26 Portulaca lutea Gardner Pinnacles crevices on upper parts Preserved_Specimen Carlquist, S. 2277 Gardner Pinnacles BISH 1966-09-16
27 Portulaca lutea Moku Manu, N islet, Kaneohe guano covered rocks Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 14107 Oahu BISH 1937-06-18
28 Portulaca lutea Collected on the southeast part of the island where it was growing at the back of the beach. growing with Nama and Lepturus. Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 6493 Lisianski Island BISH 1980-07-11
29 Portulaca lutea West Molokai sand dunes Preserved_Specimen Hitchcock, A.S. 15124 Molokai BISH 1916-10-12
30 Portulaca lutea Popoia Island, Kailua coral rock pit Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 10572 Oahu BISH 1933-03-26
31 Portulaca lutea Northeast shore. Top of storm beach. Rocky sand. Associated species: Scaevola. Portulaca uncommon. Preserved_Specimen Shelton, P.C. 410 Lisianski Island BISH 1966-06-19
32 Portulaca lutea Moku Mana (N) In open spots especially S tip of N islet. Preserved_Specimen Starr, F. 5040610 Maui BISH 2005-04-06
33 Portulaca lutea Maunalei Valley near coast Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 246 Lanai BISH 1913-11-19
34 Portulaca lutea Gardner Pinnacles shallow soil in rock pocket Preserved_Specimen Wilder, G.P. 10 Gardner Pinnacles BISH 1923-05-23
35 Portulaca lutea near Flagpole Hill dry rocky soil Preserved_Specimen Christophersen, E. 13 Necker BISH 1924-07-15
36 Portulaca lutea Kau, ~1/2 way between Hoonoua Pond and Kepuhiokeali aa beyond beach Preserved_Specimen Meinecke, W.H. Hawaii BISH 1960-06-22
37 Portulaca lutea Hanalei, Mokuaeae islet, Kilauea NWR mesic shrub/herbland; Chenopodium oahuense, Sesuvium portulacastrum, Portulaca lutea, Sida fallax, Chamaesyce celastroides, Lycium sandwicense; rich black brown loamy soil, chunks of talus basalt, rich in bird guano Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 9808 Kauai BISH 2002-06-03
38 Portulaca lutea Kapapa Islet, Kaneohe Bay raised coral reef, shallow, sandy Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 6135 Oahu BISH 1978-05-24
39 Portulaca lutea SW side sandy, near Scaevola taccada, at head of beach Preserved_Specimen Tsuda, R.T. 504 Laysan Island BISH 1963-12-06
40 Portulaca lutea Halawa shore Preserved_Specimen Faurie, A. 1120 Molokai BISH 1909-06-01
41 Portulaca lutea Niulii, Kohala barren clay Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 3910 Hawaii BISH 1930-03-22
42 Portulaca lutea Tern Islet with Spergularia Preserved_Specimen Svihla, A. French Frigate Shoals BISH 1956-02-11
43 Portulaca lutea Hanalei District, Coastal cliffs and basalt shelves below Princeville. Secondary invasive vegetation, with some relic native taxa w/ Pandanus tectorius, Scaevola taccada, Vigna marina, Bacopa monnieri, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, Cyperus javanicus, Fimbristylis cymosa subsp. spathacea, Portulaca lutea, Lysimachia mauritiana, Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 15949 Kauai BISH 2014-06-07
44 Portulaca lutea Popoia Island, Kailua Coral rock pit. Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 10573 Oahu BISH 1933-03-26
45 Portulaca lutea Popoia Island, Kailua coral flat Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, V.O. 101 Oahu BISH 1937-03-27
46 Portulaca lutea Kaena Point sand just to ocean side of road; with Scaevola, Portulaca oleracea, Cenchrus, Henaluia [?] Preserved_Specimen Pearsall, G.A. 76 Oahu BISH 1956-12-29
47 Portulaca lutea Oahu Preserved_Specimen Funk, E.J. 234 Oahu BISH 1982-03-21
48 Portulaca lutea W side of Annexation Peak soil pocket Preserved_Specimen Long, C.R. 2457 Necker BISH 1964-09-25
49 Portulaca lutea Maunalei Valley pali near coast Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 249 Lanai BISH 1913-11-19
50 Portulaca lutea Kailua, Mokulua, S islet slope above beach Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 12900 Oahu BISH 1936-02-16
51 Portulaca lutea Southeast Island NE corner of the lagoon in a dry mud flat. Preserved_Specimen Conant, S. 165 Laysan Island BISH 1983-07-24
52 Portulaca lutea Paokalani islet, 150 m offshore of Honokea Stream, 270x85 m Lantana camara, Pluchea carolinensis, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Schiedea globosa, Chenopodium oahuense, Cocculus orbiculatus, Eragrostis variabilis, Plectranthus parviflorus, Dodonaea viscosa, Psydrax odorata, Chamaesyce celastroides Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 11220 Hawaii BISH 2005-04-14
53 Portulaca lutea Kaula Rock Preserved_Specimen Caum, E.L. 4 Kaula Rock BISH 1932-08-17
54 Portulaca lutea Ka Lae o Ka Laau Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 60 Molokai BISH 1912-06-01
55 Portulaca lutea Tern Islet Preserved_Specimen Lamoureux, C.H. 1667 French Frigate Shoals BISH 1961-09-02
56 Portulaca lutea top of beach Preserved_Specimen Young, A.L. 138 Lisianski Island BISH 1964-08-22
57 Portulaca lutea Tern Islet Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 6243 French Frigate Shoals BISH 1978-09-11
58 Portulaca lutea Between Miller and W Palm valleys Preserved_Specimen Yen, D.E. 1002 Nihoa BISH 1969-05-01
59 Portulaca lutea Near UH-Hilo In stream bed. Associated vegetation: Melastoma candidum, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa. Preserved_Specimen Starr, F. 108016 Hawaii BISH 2001-08-01
60 Portulaca lutea Kaena Point in sand Preserved_Specimen Christophersen, E. 1396 Oahu BISH 1930-12-14
61 Portulaca lutea Necker soil pocket among rocks Preserved_Specimen Kridler, E. 4 Necker BISH 1964-07-27
62 Portulaca lutea Molokini Islet. About 50 plants scattered along inner slopeof western arm. Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 1015 Maui BISH 1981-03-06
63 Portulaca lutea E end, Bowl Cave Hill Sesuvium portulacastrum, Chenopodium oahuense, Panicum torridum, Portulaca lutea Preserved_Specimen Perlman, S. 19308 Necker BISH 2004-09-03
64 Portulaca lutea Whale-Skate Island sand Preserved_Specimen Long, C.R. 2483 French Frigate Shoals BISH 1964-09-27
65 Portulaca lutea Kapapa, Oahu Preserved_Specimen Starr, F. 504189 Oahu BISH 2005-04-18
66 Portulaca lutea Popoia Island, Lanikai Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 6031 Oahu BISH 1978-02-07
67 Portulaca lutea Kapapa Island Preserved_Specimen Egler, F.E. 3771 Oahu BISH 1937-06-06
68 Portulaca lutea Between Miller and W Palm valleys Preserved_Specimen Yen, D.E. 1002 Nihoa BISH 1969-05-01
69 Portulaca lutea Kaula Rock Preserved_Specimen Caum, E.L. 6 Kaula Rock BISH 1932-08-17
70 Portulaca lutea S end, near lagoon Preserved_Specimen Daniel, C.W. 16 Laysan Island BISH 1959-07-25
71 Portulaca lutea Necker Preserved_Specimen Caum, E.L. 59 Necker BISH 1923-06-14
72 Portulaca lutea Mokuhooniki, upper elevations Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 1141 Molokai BISH 1981-09-08
73 Portulaca lutea N coast Preserved_Specimen Conant, S. 196 Lisianski Island BISH 1983-08-09
74 Portulaca lutea Alau. Near coast Preserved_Specimen Starr, F. 5040520 Maui BISH 2005-04-05
75 Portulaca lutea Summit Hill Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 6539 Necker BISH 1980-07-25
76 Portulaca lutea Honolulu Zoo Preserved_Specimen Lau, J. 2087 Oahu BISH 1986-03-03
77 Portulaca lutea Between Mokoa and Kaena Pt Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1650 Oahu BISH 1911-02-25
78 Portulaca lutea off Laie Point Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Oahu BISH 1938-08-02
79 Portulaca lutea near lagoon Preserved_Specimen Ball, S.C. 287 Laysan Island BISH 1923-05-12
80 Portulaca lutea Maunalei Valley Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. Lanai BISH 1918-01-01
81 Portulaca lutea Laysan Preserved_Specimen Bryan, W.A. Laysan Island BISH 1911-04-01
82 Portulaca lutea 1st islet E of Kawela Bay Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Oahu BISH 1938-08-06
83 Portulaca lutea Tern Islet Preserved_Specimen Rainwater, H.I. French Frigate Shoals BISH 1953-10-29
84 Portulaca lutea Laysan Preserved_Specimen Schauinsland, H.H. Laysan Island BISH 1896-01-01
85 Portulaca lutea Kawela Bay Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Oahu BISH 1938-08-04
86 Portulaca lutea Lisianski Island Preserved_Specimen Lisianski Island BISH 1964-03-12
87 Portulaca lutea Popoia, small island off Kailua Preserved_Specimen Stokes, J.F.G. Oahu BISH
88 Portulaca lutea Tern Islet Preserved_Specimen Rainwater, H.I. French Frigate Shoals BISH 1953-10-30
89 Portulaca lutea off Laie Pt Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Oahu BISH 1938-08-02
90 Portulaca lutea Kaneohe Bay Preserved_Specimen Oahu BISH
91 Portulaca lutea Popoia Island off Kailua Preserved_Specimen Stokes, J.F.G. Oahu BISH
92 Portulaca lutea Kaena Point Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1724 Oahu BISH 1911-09-01
93 Portulaca lutea off Laie Point Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Oahu BISH 1938-08-02
94 Portulaca lutea Nihoa Preserved_Specimen Caum, E.L. 65 Nihoa BISH 1923-06-17
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