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Charpentiera obovata

Gaudich. (1829)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-CoreEudicot Order: Caryophyllales Family: Amaranthaceae Genus: Charpentiera

pāpala [papala]

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Trees up to 4.5(–6) m tall, often shrubby.

Stems: Stems 0.6–1.8 mm in diameter directly below apex, internodes (0.7–)3–10(–16) mm long, apices and leaf primordia pale brown tomentose.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate. Blades obovate to somewhat elliptic, 3–12.5 cm long, 1–5.5 cm wide. Apex acute, obtuse, or rounded. Base acute or obtuse. Surfaces glabrous or pubescent; Leaves somewhat coriaceous. Margins entire with usually well–developed marginal ribs. Lateral veins 10–15 pairs, usually glabrous. Petioles 0.2–5.5 cm long. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers in single axillary panicles, these 1–2 branched, reddish brown pubescent or glabrous. Panicles 10–40 cm long, with 5–20 primary branches 2–20 cm long. Each panicle branch subtended by 1 bract 0.6–1.25 mm long, glabrous to tomentulose in the axils of branches and bracts, peduncles 1–5 cm long. Gynodioecious (with bisexual (perfect)–flowered plants and female plants in each population). flowers 5–20 per branch, internodes between individual flowers 3–9 mm long, but some flowers as close as 1.1 mm apart. Calyx of 5 sepals, distinct, imbricate, subequal; 1.5–2.25 mm long, 3–5-veined. Corolla (petals) absent. Stamens and staminodes 5; filaments connate at base to form a short, membranous tube with short, rounded flaps of tissue alternating with the filaments; anthers exserted at anthesis. Ovary superior, globose or urceolate, 1.5–2 mm long; style absent or very short; stigmas 2, straight or recurved, nearly as long as the ovary, with glands on the inner surface.

Fruit: Indehiscent utricle. Seeds black and shiny; lenticular ca. 1.5 mm long.

Ploidy:

Habitat: Occurring in mesic to sometimes wet forest.

Elevation Range: 190–1,750 m.

Historical Distribution

Images

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Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Kaua'i Endemic
O'ahu Endemic
Molokai Endemic
Lana'i Endemic
Maui Endemic
Hawai'i Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Voy. Uranie: 444 (1829)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:191 (K, O, Mo, L, M, H)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Charpentiera obovata unknown Preserved_Specimen BISH
2 Charpentiera obovata Waihanau, southern fork above dam Deeply carved drainage strewn with boulders, Metrosideros riparian lowland wet forest with Pipturus albidus, Touchardia latifolia, Cheirodendron trigynum, Scaevola chamissoniana, Cyrtandra grayii, Clermontia arborescens & C. pallida, Lobelia hypoleuca, Dryopteris acutidens Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 7050 Molokai BISH 1997-12-29
3 Charpentiera obovata spur ridge above Ekahanui gulch Psidium cattleianum forest Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 2052 Oahu BISH 1985-03-10
4 Charpentiera obovata S Haleakala, Lualailua aa lava; with Antidesma pulvinatum, Osmanthus sandwicensis, Bobea Preserved_Specimen Medeiros, A.C. 550 Maui BISH 1983-09-02
5 Charpentiera obovata Hamakua, Kaiwiki, E Mauna Kea, Kuapapaulua, Manowaialee FR on aa; with ohia, native trees and shrubs, tree fern Preserved_Specimen Warshauer, F.R. 1694 Hawaii BISH 1978-01-27
6 Charpentiera obovata East Maui, Hana, Auwahi, SW Haleakala, 0.5 km SW of Puu Ouli dry; exotic grass and shrubs; native trees and shrubs Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 9266 Maui BISH 1980-06-24
7 Charpentiera obovata West Maui, Lahaina District, West Maui Natural Area Reserve, Panaewa Section, south side of Kahoma Gulch Steep windward facing slope. Vegetation: Metrosideros, Diospyros, Nestegis, Antidesma, Pittosporum, Dodonaea, Wikstroemia, Pleomele, Coprosma, Kadua, Myrsine, Doodia, Microlepia, Pipturus, Senna, Nephrolepis, Dryopteris, Cocculus, Alyxia, Smilax, Melicope, Bobea, Psychotria, Psydrac, Streblus, Claoxylon, Carex, Peperomia, lepisorus, Syzygium, Blechmum, Adiantum, Cyrtomium, Passiflora, Rubus, Oplismenus Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 81306 Maui BISH 2013-08-02
8 Charpentiera obovata National Park, Kipuka Puualu with Dodonaea, Myoporum, Pipturus, Straussia, Coprosma rhynchocarpa Preserved_Specimen Gillett, G.W. 1391 Hawaii BISH 1963-11-23
9 Charpentiera obovata S side of Makua Valley, Waianae Mts Gulch bottom Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 12342 Oahu BISH 1935-11-17
10 Charpentiera obovata Waimea District, Kawaiiki Ridge, slope above Koaie, west of twin falls. Metrosideros-Acacia montane mixed mesic forest, summer dry w/ Diospyros sandwicensis, Chrysodracon aurea, Mrysine lanaiensis, Planchonella sandwicensis, Cryptocarya mannii, Mypoporum sandwicensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata, Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 18332 Kauai BISH 2019-11-20
11 Charpentiera obovata E branch of Wailupe Stream Under canopy of kukui Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 1958 Oahu BISH 1985-01-27
12 Charpentiera obovata W National Park, Kipuka Pualu with Acacia koa, Metrosideros polymorpha, Pipturus, Osmanthus, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pisonia umbellifera, Myrsine lessertiana, Pelea, Straussia Preserved_Specimen Carlquist, S. 2057 Hawaii BISH 1966-07-24
13 Charpentiera obovata Waimea District. Makaha, upper south fork, south facing slopes behind and east of kokio keokeo. Metrosideros-Acaia-Alphitonia montane mesic forest w/ Euphorbia atrococca, Myrsine lanaiensis, Dodonea viscosa, Psychotria mariniana, Wikstroemia furcata, Diospyros sandwicensis, Kadua affinis, Coprosma waimeae, C. foliosa, Polyscias kavaiensis, Anti Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 16664 Kauai BISH 2015-11-27
14 Charpentiera obovata N Kona, Keauhou, NW Mauna Loa, Kahaluu FR, E of Mamalahoa Hwy. on aa; with ohia, native trees and shrubs, tree fern Preserved_Specimen Warshauer, F.R. 1866 Hawaii BISH 1978-06-18
15 Charpentiera obovata Halawa Ahupuaa, East Molokai, Papalaua Valley. Transect Mo, Station 5 Wet ohia forest with other native trees and a native shrub-matted fern understory. Preserved_Specimen Jacobi, J.D. 1578 Molokai BISH 1980-10-31
16 Charpentiera obovata ridge E of Kukuiula gulch, Mokuleia FR, Waianae Mts moderate forest Preserved_Specimen Morley, H. 103 Oahu BISH 1934-02-04
17 Charpentiera obovata Waianae Mts., Kaluaa Gulch with Cyrtandra, Pouteria, Psychotria, Perrottetia, Strongylodon, Pipturus, Cibotium Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6421 Oahu BISH 1970-05-27
18 Charpentiera obovata Kawela, Kamakou Preserve, Onini Gulch Growing in gulch, with Metrosideros, Pisonia, and Planchonella. Preserved_Specimen Anderson, S.J. 548 Molokai BISH 1982-05-28
19 Charpentiera obovata Waimea District. Kawaiiki Ridge, slope above Koaie, west of twin falls. Montane mixed dry to mesic forest, just below Metrosideros-Acacia forest w/ Diospyros sandwicensis, Chrysodracon cf. stenophylla (=aurea), Myrsine lanaiensis, Planchonella sandwicensis, Cryptocarya mannii, Myoporum sandwicensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata, Zant Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 16469 Kauai BISH 2015-06-04
20 Charpentiera obovata National Park, Kipuka Puaulu trail shade Preserved_Specimen Herat, T. 558 Hawaii BISH 1974-06-12
21 Charpentiera obovata Trail to Puu Hapapa, Waianae Mts Shrub/tree 3 m Preserved_Specimen Christophersen, E. 1279 Oahu BISH 1930-03-16
22 Charpentiera obovata Puu Kapu Rain forest Preserved_Specimen Christophersen, E. 1583 Oahu BISH 1931-02-12
23 Charpentiera obovata Kalaupapa, upper Waihanau, upper Mokomoko gulch above Kapuna springs mixed mesic, native forest with Metrosideros polymorpha, Metrosideros waialealae, Alyxia oliviformis, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pittosporum argentifolium, Urera glabra, Psychotria, Antidesma platyphylla, Dicranopteris linearis, Charpentiera obovata, Dodonaea viscosa, Polygonum punctatum, Hedyotis coriacea, Kalanchoe pinnata, Erechtites valerianifolia, Rubus rosifolius Preserved_Specimen Wysong, M.L. 846 Molokai BISH 2005-12-08
24 Charpentiera obovata Kaluaa Gulch (Lihue), above Schofield Barracks, between Puu Kanehoa and Puu Hapapa Deep shade, near-vertical gulch sides Preserved_Specimen Hutchison, P.C. 2824 Oahu BISH 1967-01-15
25 Charpentiera obovata Auwahi Ahupuaa, south slope of haleakala, outer slope, SE of Puu Ouli, along jeep road. Transect 28, Station 9. Dry exotic grassland with native and exotic shrubs and scattered native trees. Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 9273 Maui BISH 1980-06-24
26 Charpentiera obovata N ridge, Kipapa Gulch, Waipio, Koolau Mts moist gully Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 561 Oahu BISH 1932-05-29
27 Charpentiera obovata Kalauao, Aiea Side hill along trail Preserved_Specimen Hume, E.P. 134 Oahu BISH 1931-03-29
28 Charpentiera obovata bottom of Kunia trail, between Puu Kanehoa and Puu Hapapa, Waianae Mts gully; moist shady rocky streambed; with Aleurites moluccana, Claoxylon, Planchonella, Acacia koa Preserved_Specimen Carlquist, S. 1714 Oahu BISH 1965-07-03
29 Charpentiera obovata Waianae Mountains; Palikea Gulch Dry gulch with Drypetes. Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 1911 Oahu BISH 1970-11-07
30 Charpentiera obovata Hanalei, Honoonapali NAR, West Hanakoa stream drainage above falls. Metrosideros-Cheirodendron-Dicranopteris wet forest w/ Kadua affinis, Psychotria mariniana, P. mauiensis, Melicope clusiifolia, M. anisata, M. degeneri, Ilex anomala, Syzygium sandwicensis, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Dodonaea viscosa, Santalum involutum, Kad... Preserved_Specimen K.R. Wood 19111 Kauai BISH 2022-07-22
31 Charpentiera obovata Waianae Mts., Kaluaa Gulch with Cyrtandra, Pouteria, Psychotria, Perrottetia, Strongylodon, Pipturus, Cibotium Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6421 Oahu BISH 1970-05-27
32 Charpentiera obovata Lualualei floor of gully Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 3311 Oahu BISH 1987-01-01
33 Charpentiera obovata S Haleakala, Lualailua aa lava; with Antidesma pulvinatum, Osmanthus sandwicensis, Bobea Preserved_Specimen Medeiros, A.C. 549 Maui BISH 1983-09-02
34 Charpentiera obovata Kaiholena Unit, TNC Kau Preserve, S face of Puu Kaiholena lowland mesic forest with 95% closed canopy of Metrosideros @12-15 m and 70-90% understory of Cibotium; Freycinetia, Pipturus, Psychotria hawaiiensis, Kadua acuminata, Rhynchospora sclerioides, Dodonaea viscosa, Machaerina mariscoides, Kadua centranthoides, Cocculus orbicularis Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 12872 Hawaii BISH 2008-03-13
35 Charpentiera obovata Central Lualualei below Kanehoa, ridge between valleys 3 & 4 Forested ridge. Preserved_Specimen Christophersen, E. 3683 Oahu BISH 1932-06-01
36 Charpentiera obovata Puna, Olaa FR, Wright Rd. with Cibotium glaucum and Metrosideros Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 25088 Hawaii BISH 1953-01-29
37 Charpentiera obovata Pupukea-Kahuku forest Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 17505 Oahu BISH 1938-03-13
38 Charpentiera obovata Laulaupae gulch, E branch of W branch of Wailupe gulch Schinus terebinthifolius, Psidium cattleianum Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6661 Oahu BISH 1970-10-08
39 Charpentiera obovata Auwahi Ahupuaa, South slope of Haleakala, between the bottom of Transect 27 and the top of Transect 28. Transect Ma, Station 7. Dry exotic grassland with native and exotic shrubs and scattered native trees. Preserved_Specimen Warshauer, F.R. 2696 Maui BISH 1980-06-24
40 Charpentiera obovata S side of Halemanu Rd., ~100' from highway bank; with koa, lehua, Dracaena aurea, Rubus, Kikuyu grass, Fuchsia Preserved_Specimen Plews, J.H.R. Kauai BISH 1986-03-15
41 Charpentiera obovata Kalamaula, NE of Mokomoko gulch, Kapuna Spring shaded, S facing slope; with ohia, native trees and shrubs, matted fern Preserved_Specimen Stemmermann, R.L. 3932 Molokai BISH 1979-07-16
42 Charpentiera obovata East Mau, Middle Auwahi Remnant dryland sclerophyll forest. Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 5461 Maui BISH 1984-10-07
43 Charpentiera obovata East Maui, Auwahi, beyond Ulupalakua dry forest Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6597 Maui BISH 1970-08-20
44 Charpentiera obovata West Maui, Honokawai ditch trail shaded slope Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 25121 Maui BISH 1959-03-27
45 Charpentiera obovata Auwahi, ~10 mi beyond Ulupalakua dry forest Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6596 Maui BISH 1970-08-20
46 Charpentiera obovata Lualualei-Nanakuli, dividing ridge dry forest; canopy of Bobea sandwicensis, Sapindus oahuensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Antidesma pulvinatum, Diospyros sandwicensis; wetter microsites Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 3315 Oahu BISH 1987-01-31
47 Charpentiera obovata E ridge of Kaala moist woods Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 10056 Oahu BISH 1924-11-24
48 Charpentiera obovata Mokuleia-Makua divide, Waianae Mts wooded gulch Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 12255 Oahu BISH 1932-11-25
49 Charpentiera obovata Puuwaawaa with Claoxylon sandwicense and Melicope hawaiensis Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 5829 Hawaii BISH 1989-05-01
50 Charpentiera obovata Puu Kaua, Honouliuli, Waianae Mts wooded ridge Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 12185 Oahu BISH 1932-11-06
51 Charpentiera obovata N fork of valley E of Palikea, Honouliuli, Waianae Mts wooded stream bank Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 10363 Oahu BISH 1930-02-23
52 Charpentiera obovata Koolau Mts, below Puu Lanipo. Anianinui ridge In Metrosideros-Dicranopteris lowland wet forest with Freycinetia, Scaevola, Sapindus, Pritchardia. Preserved_Specimen Perlman, S. 6125 Oahu BISH 1987-07-01
53 Charpentiera obovata Kalaupapa, upper Waihanau, upper Mokomoko gulch above Kapuna springs mixed mesic, native forest with Metrosideros polymorpha, Metrosideros waialealae, Alyxia oliviformis, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pittosporum argentifolium, Urera glabra, Psychotria, Antidesma platyphylla, Dicranopteris linearis, Charpentiera obovata, Dodonaea viscosa, Polygonum punctatum, Hedyotis coriacea, Kalanchoe pinnata, Erechtites valerianifolia, Rubus rosifolius Preserved_Specimen Wysong, M.L. 846 Molokai BISH 2005-12-08
54 Charpentiera obovata Koolau Mts., Kawaiiki Ditch trail Few scattered Preserved_Specimen Herat, T. 395 Oahu BISH 1973-07-02
55 Charpentiera obovata Kukuiula, Mokuleia, Waianae Mts slopes of small gulch; with Nototrichium, Neraudia angulata, Sapindus oahuensis, Pleomele forbesii Preserved_Specimen Hatheway, W.H. 174 Oahu BISH 1950-08-12
56 Charpentiera obovata W Maui, Haelaau lower forest,, side of ridge Preserved_Specimen Ewart III, G.R. 32 Maui BISH 1928-12-19
57 Charpentiera obovata E slopes Waianae Range, above Maunauna, Kunia Firebreak Trail Slope with moist forest, with Euphorbia, Osmanthus, Planchonella, etc. Preserved_Specimen Stauffer, H.U. 5864 Oahu BISH 1964-04-04
58 Charpentiera obovata Waianae Mts., Kaluaa Gulch with Cyrtandra, Pouteria, Psychotria, Perrottetia, Strongylodon, Pipturus, Cibotium Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6416 Oahu BISH 1970-05-27
59 Charpentiera obovata W Maui, Lahaina District, Lihau Lowland Ohia Mixed Mesic Forest at 3550 ft in a gulch between two southern ridges with Metrosideros, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Myrsine, Pelea, Charpentiera, Alyxia, Hedyotis, Vaccinium, Santalum freycinetianum var. lanaiense, Astelia, Smilax, Pouteria, Nestegis, native ferns and sedges Preserved_Specimen Welton, P. 1520 Maui BISH 1992-01-11
60 Charpentiera obovata Palikea. Southern Waianae mountains Growing in gully just below puʻu Palikea in mesic forest dominated by Schinus terebinthifolius, Toona ciliata, Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia koa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, and Psidium cattleianum. Also growing with Dicranopteris linearis, Cibotium chamissoi, Sadleria cyatheoides, Microlepia stetosa, Kadua affinis, Christella dentata, Miconia crenata, and others. Preserved_Specimen Thomas, M.K. 567 Oahu BISH 2022-12-07
61 Charpentiera obovata Haalelepaakai Ridge, gulch S of head mouth Preserved_Specimen Flynn, T.W. 197 Lanai BISH 1982-05-25
62 Charpentiera obovata Puuwaawaa with Claoxylon sandwicense and Melicope hawaiensis Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 5829 Hawaii BISH 1989-05-01
63 Charpentiera obovata East Maui, Hana, Auwahi, SW Haleakala, 0.5 km SW of Puu Ouli dry; exotic grass and shrubs; native trees and shrubs; growing on `a`a-clinker Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 9260 Maui BISH 1980-06-24
64 Charpentiera obovata beyond Ulupalakua dry Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8826 Maui BISH 1927-06-23
65 Charpentiera obovata West Maui, Iao Valley, Nakalaloa stream rain forest Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 754 Maui BISH 1980-01-20
66 Charpentiera obovata Waianae Mts., Kaluaa Gulch with Cyrtandra, Pouteria, Psychotria, Perrottetia, Strongylodon, Pipturus, Cibotium Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6415 Oahu BISH 1970-05-27
67 Charpentiera obovata N Kona, Puuwaawaa, 1.5 mi mauka of Mamalahoa Hwy. with Metrosideros, Sophora Preserved_Specimen Spence, G. 21 Hawaii BISH 1972-02-06
68 Charpentiera obovata Waimea District. Kopakaka, south of Makaha. Acacia-Metrosideros lowland mesic forest with Alphitonia, Dodonaea, Santalum freycinetianum, Antidesma, Nestegis, Leptecophylla, Melicope ovata, M. barbigera, Pouteria, terresaterial cover of Carex wahuensis, C. meyenli, Gahnia beecheyi, Dianell Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 17469 Kauai BISH 2017-07-13
69 Charpentiera obovata Puu Waawaa, road west of corral and water tank lowland dry forest, aa lava with large surface boulders and rich brown soil, with Myrsine lanaiensis, Sophora chrysophylla, Nothocestrum breviflorum, Myoporum sandwicensis, Metrosideros polymorpha Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 7876 Hawaii BISH 1999-06-29
70 Charpentiera obovata Kau FR rough lava Preserved_Specimen Giffard, W.M. 279 Hawaii BISH 1926-11-16
71 Charpentiera obovata Puuwaawaa with Claoxylon sandwicense and Melicope hawaiensis Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 5829 Hawaii BISH 1989-05-01
72 Charpentiera obovata Palehua Road at Akupu vicinity In dry forest patch with Pouteria and Koa. Preserved_Specimen Montgomery, S.L. Oahu BISH 1970-04-18
73 Charpentiera obovata National Park, Kipuka Puaulu under dense mesophyic canopy Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 19 Hawaii BISH 1984-05-12
74 Charpentiera obovata Palehua Road; Akupu vicinity In dry forest with Pouteria and Koa. Preserved_Specimen Montgomery, S.L. Oahu BISH 1970-04-18
75 Charpentiera obovata Head of valley below Puu Kanehoa, Lualualei Valley, Waianae Mts Aleurites forest Preserved_Specimen Christophersen, E. 3660 Oahu BISH 1932-05-25
76 Charpentiera obovata Palawai Ahupuaa, Along Kamiki Ridge. Transect La, Station 52 Mesic native tree community with scattered exotic trees and exotic grass-shrub understory. Preserved_Specimen Warshauer, F.R. 2519 Lanai BISH 1980-04-04
77 Charpentiera obovata Lualualei, Kolekole contour trail Schinus terebinthifolius, Psychotria mariniana, Myrsine lanaiensis, Alyxia oliviformis, Doodia kunthiana, Dryopteris sandwicensis; under 90% cover Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 10582 Oahu BISH 2004-02-20
78 Charpentiera obovata Kawela, Kamakou Preserve, Onini Gulch Growing in gulch, with Metrosideros, Pisonia, and Planchonella. Preserved_Specimen Anderson, S.J. 548 Molokai BISH 1982-05-28
79 Charpentiera obovata Auwahi, ~10 mi beyond Ulupalakua dry forest Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6596 Maui BISH 1970-08-20
80 Charpentiera obovata Punapohuku Stream, Kahanahaiki Valley, Waianae Mts, 2 mi up valley from hwy Dry stream bank with Pisonia, Aleurites, Nototrichium and Psidium. Preserved_Specimen Spence, G. 1 Oahu BISH 1971-10-10
81 Charpentiera obovata Kawai-iki ditch trail, Koolau Mts side gulch, Aleurites overstory Preserved_Specimen Nagata, K.M. 876 Oahu BISH 1971-08-31
82 Charpentiera obovata Puuwaawaa open forest; with pilo, ohia, mamane, Claoxylon, Annona, olive, hoawa, naio, Nototrichium, Ricinus Preserved_Specimen Montgomery, S.L. 65 Hawaii BISH 1971-07-25
83 Charpentiera obovata Auwahi Metrosideros, Diospyros sandwicensis, Pleomele auwahiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Myrsine lanaiensis, Leptecophylla, Dodonaea viscosa, Pouteria sandwicensis, Claoxylon sandwicensis, Charpentiera obovata, Wikstroemia oahuensis, Streblus, Lantana camara, Schinus, Bacopa Preserved_Specimen Perlman, S. 20476 Maui BISH 2007-06-27
84 Charpentiera obovata Laulaupae gulch, E branch of W branch of Wailupe gulch Schinus terebinthifolius, Psidium cattleianum Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6660 Oahu BISH 1970-10-08
85 Charpentiera obovata Puu Hapapa, Honouliuli, Waianae Mts wooded valley Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 10439 Oahu BISH 1930-03-16
86 Charpentiera obovata Halona Valley, Waianae Mts, Lualualei Moist forest Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 9484 Oahu BISH 1933-05-12
87 Charpentiera obovata West Maui, Lahaina District, Kauaula Valley, south slope. Soft wooded shrubs 1+ meters tall on steep rocky slopes. Vegetation: Metrosideros, Sophora, Nestegis, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Pipturus, Achyranthes, Diospyros, Myrsine, Melicope, Pleomele, Remya, Dryopteris, Senna, Ipomoea, Wikstroemia, Osteomeles, Neraudia, Lysimachia, Trisetum, Panicum, Microlepia, Lysimachia, Eragrostis, Alyxia, Lipochaeta, Bidens, Peperomia, Ageratina, Lantana, Grevillea, Conyza, Petroselinum. Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 41331 Maui BISH 2013-04-24
88 Charpentiera obovata Lualualei under interlocking Sapindus-Nestegis canopy Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 3260 Oahu BISH 1987-01-18
89 Charpentiera obovata South Kona District, Kaulanamauna On `a`a lava, 50' from highway. Growing in disturbed dry forest with Drypetes, Canthium, Diospyros, Pittosporum and Schinus. Preserved_Specimen Davis, J. 284 Hawaii BISH 1980-04-02
90 Charpentiera obovata Kawai-iki ditch trail, Koolau Mts side gulch, Aleurites overstory Preserved_Specimen Nagata, K.M. 877 Oahu BISH 1971-08-31
91 Charpentiera obovata Kuaokala with Elaeocarpus bifidus, Diospyros sandwicensis, Syzygium sandwicensis, Viola chamissoniana, Asplenium kaulfussii Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 3821 Oahu BISH 1988-03-26
92 Charpentiera obovata Puuwaawaa Ahupuaa, N slope of Hualalai, N from pit craters on W side of Hualalai toward Highway 190. Transect 49, Station 44. Dry exotic grassland with native and exotic shrubs and scattered native trees. Growing on aa and ash substrate. Preserved_Specimen Montgomery, S. 2105 Hawaii BISH 1978-08-09
93 Charpentiera obovata Puuwaawaa Ranch, Hauaina paddock with Canthium and Xylosma Preserved_Specimen Montgomery, S.L. Hawaii BISH 1971-07-01
94 Charpentiera obovata Puuwaawaa aa, fountain grass, fruiting olive trees, myrsine Preserved_Specimen Montgomery, S.L. 10 Hawaii BISH 1971-01-01
95 Charpentiera obovata Puuwaawaa, Puu Iki cratr with Sophora, naio, Nothocestrum, german ivy, banana poka, Ipomoea Preserved_Specimen Ruffin, W. 20 Hawaii BISH 1971-07-02
96 Charpentiera obovata Waianae Mts., Kaluaa Gulch with Cyrtandra, Pouteria, Psychotria, Perrottetia, Strongylodon, Pipturus, Cibotium Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6420 Oahu BISH 1970-05-27
97 Charpentiera obovata West Maui, Papalaua mesic; Styphelia, Dodonaea, Metrosideros, Coprosma foliosa, Claoxylon sandwicense, Myrsine lanaiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pittosporum glabrum, Pleomele auwahiensis, Microlepia strigosa, Dicranopteris linearis, Carex meyenii, C. wahuensis, Trisetum inaequale, Alyxia oliviformis, Smilax melastomifolia Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 11581 Maui BISH 2005-10-12
98 Charpentiera obovata Puuwaawaa with Claoxylon sandwicense and Melicope hawaiensis Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 5829 Hawaii BISH 1989-05-01
99 Charpentiera obovata Puuwaawaa NW 45-50 deg. slope; with Osmanthus, Pittosporum, banana poka, Claoxylon, Straussia, mamane, ohia Preserved_Specimen Spence, G. 51 Hawaii BISH 1971-07-08
100 Charpentiera obovata Wailau, Ninole, Kaa Ahupuaa, SE slope of Mauna Loa, north rim of Wood Valley along pipeline trail. Transect Ha, Station 23. Wet ohia forest with other native trees and a treefern and native shrub understory. Preserved_Specimen Jacobi, J.D. 656 Hawaii BISH 1976-05-28
101 Charpentiera obovata Head of Makua Valley, Waianae Mts Damp bottom of gulch Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 9048 Oahu BISH 1932-11-25
102 Charpentiera obovata Kalauao, Aiea Moist side hill Preserved_Specimen Hume, E.P. 135 Oahu BISH 1931-03-29
103 Charpentiera obovata Below ridge trail to Palikea, 1/4 mi from radar station, Waianae Mts Dry slope Preserved_Specimen Cowan, R.S. 922 Oahu BISH 1948-03-27
104 Charpentiera obovata N Kona, Puuwaawaa, N Hualalai between Mamalahoa Rd. and NE Kaupulehu flow on aa; with ohia, native trees and shrubs, tree fern Preserved_Specimen Montgomery, S.L. 2105 Hawaii BISH 1978-08-09
105 Charpentiera obovata Central Lualualei below Kanehoa, ridge between valleys 3 & 4 Forested ridge. Preserved_Specimen Christophersen, E. 3680 Oahu BISH 1932-06-01
106 Charpentiera obovata Makawao Stream, E fork, below Puu Lanipo, Kailua, Koolau Mts under Aleurites tree Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 21550 Oahu BISH 1946-03-20
107 Charpentiera obovata Makawao FR, Kahakapao gulch Metrosideros, Eucalyptus, Toona ciliata, Fraxinus uhdei, Psychotria mariniana, Dicranopteris linearis, Cyanea elliptica, Myrsine lessertiana, Scaevola chamissoniana, Pleomele auwahiensis, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Coprosma foliosa, Alectryon macrococcus, Rubus argutus Preserved_Specimen Perlman, S. 20471 Maui BISH 2007-06-26
108 Charpentiera obovata Gulch E of Puu Kaupakuhale, Mokuleia, Kamananui, Puu Kaala, Waianae Mts On slope Preserved_Specimen Bryan Jr., E.H. Oahu BISH 1932-10-23
109 Charpentiera obovata Puu Waawaa, road west of corral and water tank lowland dry forest, aa lava with large surface boulders and rich brown soil, with Myrsine lanaiensis, Sophora chrysophylla, Nothocestrum breviflorum, Myoporum sandwicensis, Metrosideros polymorpha Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 7876 Hawaii BISH 1999-06-29
110 Charpentiera obovata Nawaimaka, Waialae falls NW facing slopes of ridge and gulch; Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Acacia koa, Metrosideros, Pleomele aurea, Psychotria greenwelliae, P. mariniana, Nestegis sandwicensis Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 6975 Kauai BISH 1997-11-14
111 Charpentiera obovata Halona Valley, Pohakea Pass, Waianae Mts, Lualualei Dry wooded gully Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 13088 Oahu BISH 1936-05-03
112 Charpentiera obovata East Maui, Auwahi, beyond Ulupalakua dry forest Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6597 Maui BISH 1970-08-20
113 Charpentiera obovata Maui stream bed Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 2314 Maui BISH 1920-05-10
114 Charpentiera obovata Waianae Mts., Kaluaa Gulch with Cyrtandra, Pouteria, Psychotria, Perrottetia, Strongylodon, Pipturus, Cibotium Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6419 Oahu BISH 1970-05-27
115 Charpentiera obovata Pohakea Gulch, N of Manwainui gulch, S of Hanaula with Nestegis, Myrsine, Wikstroemia, Dodonaea, Lysimachia remyi, L. lydgatei, Melicope, Pleomele, Dubautia linearis, Cyrtandra, Lobelia, Cyanea, Scaevola, Charpentiera, Styphelia, Bidens, Labordia, Sadleria Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 1169 Maui BISH 1991-08-25
116 Charpentiera obovata East Maui, Hana District, Auwahi dry forest on aa Preserved_Specimen Webster, G.L. 13912 Maui BISH 1968-06-25
117 Charpentiera obovata Lualualei densely shaded by canopy of Sapindus and Rauvolfia Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 3312 Oahu BISH 1987-01-01
118 Charpentiera obovata Nanakuli side of ridge, Palikea, Ewa, Waianae Mts shade of Urera and Perrottetia, gulch Preserved_Specimen Nagata, K.M. 1518 Oahu BISH 1978-01-17
119 Charpentiera obovata Maunalei Gulch, Kunoa, Waialala Gulches Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 4041 Lanai BISH 1974-06-13
120 Charpentiera obovata Palikea, Waianae Mts Preserved_Specimen Korte, K.H. 25 Oahu BISH 1954-01-01
121 Charpentiera obovata Kunia trail just E of Puu Kanehoa Preserved_Specimen Stone, B.C. 3257 Oahu BISH 1960-03-26
122 Charpentiera obovata Mt. Hapapa, Waianaeuka Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 178 Oahu BISH 1930-03-16
123 Charpentiera obovata Mokuleia FR, gulch 4.1 mi from gate, S steep side, Waianae Mts Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6380 Oahu BISH 1970-03-01
124 Charpentiera obovata Honouliuli, Waianae Range Preserved_Specimen Lyon, H.L. 23 Oahu BISH 1924-12-18
125 Charpentiera obovata Waianae Mts, E of Kuua Preserved_Specimen Kerr, M. 3751 Oahu BISH 1946-03-17
126 Charpentiera obovata Maui Preserved_Specimen Lamoureux, C.H. 1 Maui BISH 1970-01-01
127 Charpentiera obovata Mahana Valley Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8005 Lanai BISH 1910-07-01
128 Charpentiera obovata West Maui, Lahaina, Kahoma Stream Preserved_Specimen Lau, J. 1026 Maui BISH 1984-02-21
129 Charpentiera obovata Ewa district. Ekahanui gulch, central gulch below Puu Kaua Preserved_Specimen Perlman, S. 23244 Oahu BISH 2013-01-17
130 Charpentiera obovata Trail to Puu Hapapa, Waianae Mts Preserved_Specimen Christophersen, E. 1281 Oahu BISH 1930-03-16
131 Charpentiera obovata Wailau Valley, East Molokai, plants collected in Malama Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 10375 Molokai BISH 1985-08-14
132 Charpentiera obovata Right fork of Wailupe Valley Preserved_Specimen Garber, D.W. 153 Oahu BISH 1920-01-12
133 Charpentiera obovata Right fork of Wailupe Valley Preserved_Specimen Garber, D.W. 153 Oahu BISH 1920-01-12
134 Charpentiera obovata Mokuleia FR, gulch 4.1 mi from gate, S steep side, Waianae Mts Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6383 Oahu BISH 1970-03-01
135 Charpentiera obovata West Maui, Lahaina, Kahoma Stream Preserved_Specimen Lau, J. 1030 Maui BISH 1984-02-21
136 Charpentiera obovata Puuwaawaa Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 5 Hawaii BISH 1911-06-08
137 Charpentiera obovata Auwahi Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 262 Oahu BISH 1982-03-27
138 Charpentiera obovata Wailupe Valley Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 12582 Oahu BISH 1915-01-23
139 Charpentiera obovata Mokuleia FR, gulch 4.1 mi from gate, S steep side, Waianae Mts Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6382 Oahu BISH 1970-03-01
140 Charpentiera obovata Kolekole Pass, Waianae Range Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 2030 Oahu BISH 1912-02-01
141 Charpentiera obovata Palehua, Waianae Range Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1689 Oahu BISH 1911-04-01
142 Charpentiera obovata Mt. Hapapa, Waianaeuka Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 178 Oahu BISH 1930-03-16
143 Charpentiera obovata Makana Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 75 Lanai BISH 2015-02-20
144 Charpentiera obovata Wailupe Valley Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 12945 Oahu BISH 1917-03-01
145 Charpentiera obovata Mts. near Koele Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 103 Lanai BISH 1913-06-01
146 Charpentiera obovata Wailupe Valley Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 2498 Oahu BISH 1917-05-04
147 Charpentiera obovata Kalae Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 14043 Molokai BISH 1918-04-01
148 Charpentiera obovata West Maui, Lahaina, Kahoma Stream Preserved_Specimen Lau, J. 1028 Maui BISH 1984-02-21
149 Charpentiera obovata Palikea Trail, summit, Waianae Mts., near old CCC camp Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6449 Oahu BISH 1970-05-29
150 Charpentiera obovata Between Hanapepe and Wahiawa rivers Preserved_Specimen Heller, A.A. 2598 Kauai BISH 1895-07-25
151 Charpentiera obovata Wailau Valley, East Molokai, plants collected in Malama Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 10375 Molokai BISH 1985-08-14
152 Charpentiera obovata Palikea Trail, summit, Waianae Mts., near old CCC camp Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6442 Oahu BISH 1970-05-29
153 Charpentiera obovata Waianae Range, Honouliuli, S Palawai Gulch Preserved_Specimen Webster, G.L. 1447 Oahu BISH 1948-03-27
154 Charpentiera obovata Kolekole Pass, Waianae Range Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 2030 Oahu BISH 1912-02-01
155 Charpentiera obovata S slope of Haleakala, Manawainui Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1878 Maui BISH 1920-03-07
156 Charpentiera obovata Auwahi Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 26864 Maui BISH 1972-06-30
157 Charpentiera obovata Mokuleia Forest Reserve, 5 mi S of Haleiwa Preserved_Specimen Little Jr., E.L. 31045 Oahu BISH 1976-08-11
158 Charpentiera obovata Kaaikukae Gulch (Waianaes); trail E. of Palikea Preserved_Specimen Porter, J. 1 Oahu BISH 1970-09-25
159 Charpentiera obovata Kunia trail just E of Puu Kanehoa Preserved_Specimen Stone, B.C. 3247 Oahu BISH 1960-03-26
160 Charpentiera obovata Waianae Range., 1st gulch S of Kaluaa Gulch Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6454 Oahu BISH 1970-06-02
161 Charpentiera obovata Kunia trail just E of Puu Kanehoa Preserved_Specimen Stone, B.C. 3297 Oahu BISH 1960-03-26
162 Charpentiera obovata Papala Valley, near Maunalei Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 251 Lanai BISH 1928-01-07
163 Charpentiera obovata Kokee, near Awaawapuhi Stream bed Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 2235 Kauai BISH 1971-11-10
164 Charpentiera obovata West Maui, Lahaina, Kahala Stream Preserved_Specimen Lau, J. 1034 Maui BISH 1984-02-10
165 Charpentiera obovata Puuwaawaa Preserved_Specimen MacDaniels, L.H. 315 Hawaii BISH 1926-12-01
166 Charpentiera obovata Molokai Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 7079 Molokai BISH 1910-02-01
167 Charpentiera obovata S Haleakala, Kanaio Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1797 Maui BISH 1920-03-01
168 Charpentiera obovata Haupu Range, R side of Kipi Kai gap Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 748 Kauai BISH 1916-11-03
169 Charpentiera obovata Kunia trail just E of Puu Kanehoa Preserved_Specimen Stone, B.C. 3257 Oahu BISH 1960-03-26
170 Charpentiera obovata Kalalau Trail, Hoolulu Valley Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 180.5 Kauai BISH 1970-04-09
171 Charpentiera obovata Puu Hapapa, Waianae Mts., Honouliuli Preserved_Specimen Yamaguchi, M. 1066 Oahu BISH 1931-10-25
172 Charpentiera obovata Waianae Quadrangle; Palehua Road Preserved_Specimen Montgomery, S.L. 1 Oahu BISH 1970-04-18
173 Charpentiera obovata Mokuleia FR, gulch 4.1 mi from gate, S steep side, Waianae Mts Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6383 Oahu BISH 1970-03-01
174 Charpentiera obovata Wailupe Valley Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 12582 Oahu BISH 1915-01-23
175 Charpentiera obovata Auhi, Ulupalakua Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 389 Maui BISH 1915-02-12
176 Charpentiera obovata Puuwaawaa, N Kona, 1 mi W of ranch buildings Preserved_Specimen Fagerlund, G.O. 1028 Hawaii BISH 1945-01-01
177 Charpentiera obovata Maui, Lahainaluna Valley Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 819 Maui BISH 1913-02-01
178 Charpentiera obovata Palikea Trail, summit, Waianae Mts., near old CCC camp Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6442 Oahu BISH 1970-05-29
179 Charpentiera obovata Gulch below Palikea Preserved_Specimen Cowan, R.S. 632 Oahu BISH 1947-06-15
180 Charpentiera obovata Mokuleia FR, gulch 4.1 mi from gate, S steep side, Waianae Mts Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6380 Oahu BISH 1970-03-01
181 Charpentiera obovata Wailupe Valley Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 2498 Oahu BISH 1917-05-04
182 Charpentiera obovata Oahu Preserved_Specimen Rémy, J. 205 Oahu BISH 1851-01-01
183 Charpentiera obovata Waianae Quadrangle; Nanakuli Preserved_Specimen Porter, J. Oahu BISH 1970-04-10
184 Charpentiera obovata Wailupe Valley Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 12582 Oahu BISH 1915-01-23
185 Charpentiera obovata Laumau Forest, S slope of Haleakala Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1931 Maui BISH 1920-03-11
186 Charpentiera obovata Waianae Mts., Kohanahaiki valley, Piko Trail Preserved_Specimen Krauss, N.H. Oahu BISH 1933-12-30
187 Charpentiera obovata Kapua Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Hawaii BISH
188 Charpentiera obovata Wooded slopes, Koolau Preserved_Specimen Mitchell, D.D. Oahu BISH 1931-10-18
189 Charpentiera obovata Palikea Trail Preserved_Specimen Montgomery, S.L. Oahu BISH 1970-04-18
190 Charpentiera obovata Kau Preserved_Specimen (Not on sheet) Hawaii BISH
191 Charpentiera obovata Palehua, valley, Waianae Mts Preserved_Specimen UH student Oahu BISH 1931-11-22
192 Charpentiera obovata Wahiawa Mts. Preserved_Specimen Lydgate, J.M. Kauai BISH
193 Charpentiera obovata Kawaiiki Trail Preserved_Specimen Montgomery, S.L. Oahu BISH 1970-06-12
194 Charpentiera obovata Kau, Manuka Preserved_Specimen Russ, G.W. Hawaii BISH 1927-08-19
195 Charpentiera obovata Awehi, 4 gulches S of Puhielelu Ridge, E Lanai Preserved_Specimen Montgomery, S.L. Lanai BISH 1971-06-06
196 Charpentiera obovata Waialua District; Kawai-iki Trail Preserved_Specimen Montgomery, S.L. Oahu BISH 1970-06-12
197 Charpentiera obovata East Lanai, Awehi, 4 gulches S of Puhielelelu Ridge Preserved_Specimen Montgomery, S.L. Lanai BISH 1971-06-06
198 Charpentiera obovata Pohakea Pass, Waianae Mts Preserved_Specimen Pearsall, G.A. Oahu BISH 1955-01-10
199 Charpentiera obovata Waimano and E slope above pass Preserved_Specimen Russ, G.W. Oahu BISH 1933-05-29
200 Charpentiera obovata Maui Preserved_Specimen Wilder, G.P. Maui BISH 1913-01-01
201 Charpentiera obovata Keaau Makua, FR, Piko trail, Papala Preserved_Specimen Baker, R.J. Oahu BISH 1932-11-05
202 Charpentiera obovata Hawaiian Islands; U.S.A.; Hawaii Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. BISH
203 Charpentiera obovata Palikea Trail Preserved_Specimen Montgomery, S.L. Oahu BISH 1970-04-18
204 Charpentiera obovata Waianae Mts., N approach to Puu Kaua Preserved_Specimen Wilbur, R.L. 476 Oahu BISH 1948-02-29
205 Charpentiera obovata Waianae; Kaaiku Kai Gulch Preserved_Specimen Porter, J. Oahu BISH 1969-09-25
206 Charpentiera obovata East Lanai, Awehi, 4 gulches S of Puhielelelu Ridge Preserved_Specimen Montgomery, S.L. Lanai BISH 1971-06-06
207 Charpentiera obovata Makua, Piko trail, above spring Preserved_Specimen Tsuji, N. Oahu BISH 1932-11-25
208 Charpentiera obovata Kaua Preserved_Specimen Oahu BISH 1958-04-12
209 Charpentiera obovata Mt. Hapapa, Waianaeuka Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 178 Oahu BISH 1930-03-16
210 Charpentiera obovata Palehua, Waianae Range Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1689 Oahu BISH 1911-04-01
211 Charpentiera obovata Waianae Range., gulch Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6463 Oahu BISH 1970-06-02
212 Charpentiera obovata S Kona, Kapua Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 10065 Hawaii BISH 1912-01-01
213 Charpentiera obovata S Kona, Manuka mauka Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 11296 Hawaii BISH 1931-12-24
214 Charpentiera obovata Auwahi Preserved_Specimen Lennox, C.G. 57 Maui BISH 1967-05-09
215 Charpentiera obovata Wahiawa Botanical Garden, 1396 California Ave., Wahiawa, upper terrace Preserved_Specimen Annable, C.R. 3563 Oahu BISH 1997-06-15
216 Charpentiera obovata Puu a ulu Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1028 Hawaii BISH 1915-07-01
217 Charpentiera obovata Waianae Mts, Honouliuli, Ekahanui gulch to 2nd gulch beyond Pohakea pass, fire-break trail Preserved_Specimen Chock, A.K. 208 Oahu BISH 1951-03-18
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