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Casuarina equisetifolia

L. (1759)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Rosids Order: Fagales Family: Casuarinaceae Genus: Casuarina

Australian pine, beefwood, common ironwood, ironwood, paina, she oak, toa

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Evergreen nitrogen–fixing trees 10–20 m tall.

Stems: Branches long, slender, the tips drooping, pubescent.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple, minute, reduced. Whorled, 4–20 per node. Leaves scale-like. Margins entire. Sessile. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers in staminate flowers in spikes on lateral branches, pistillate flowers in dense, head-like clusters on short lateral branches, staminate flowers consisting of a stamen subtended by a bract and 2 pairs of small bracteoles, the inner pair caducous at anthesis, anthers dithecal, basifixed, opening lengthwise. Flowers unisexual, small and inconspicuous. Calyx (sepals) absent. Corolla (petals) absent. Staminate flowers with a single stamen; anthers dithecal, basifixed, opening lengthwise. Ovary superior (pistillate flowers), solitary, 2 carpels, only 1 fertile; ovules 2 in the fertile cell; styles 2, short, terminal; stigmas long, decurrent. Staminate flowers ovary absent.

Fruit: Nuts 6–7 mm long (incl. wing); fruit a 1–seeded; flattened; apically winged nut; somewhat woody cones; each nut enclosed in the woody bracteoles that separate at maturity and give the appearance of an opened capsules. Seeds with seed coat adnate to pericarp; endosperm absent.

Ploidy: 2n = 18

Habitat: Naturalized or persisting from cultivation in low elevation; dry areas; often used as windbreaks.

Elevation Range:

Historical Distribution

Images

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Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Naturalized

Island Status

Mokupāpapa (Kure atoll) Naturalized
Ni'ihau(Incl. Lehua) Naturalized
Kuaihelani (Midway Atoll) Naturalized
Kaua'i Naturalized
Manawai (Pearl & Hermes Atoll) Naturalized
O'ahu Naturalized
Kapou(Lisianski Island) Naturalized
Molokai Naturalized
Kamole(Laysan Island) Naturalized
Lana'i Naturalized
Kaho'olawe Naturalized
Lalo (French Frigate Shoals) Naturalized
Maui Naturalized
Hawai'i Naturalized

Dispersal Agents

Water/Ocean
Wind
Forestry

Vegetative Reproduction

Pollinators

Notes

  • Description digitized by Mercedez
  • Description digitized from the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii
  • First collected on O'ahu in 1895
  • First collected on O'ahu in 1895 (Heller 1955, BISH), but probably introduced to Hawai'i by P. Isenberg, who planted trees at Kilohana Crater, Kaua'i, in 188
  • Wind–pollinated.

Bibliography

Name Published In: Amoen. Acad. 4: 143 (1759)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:528 (Ku, Mi, PH, Li, La, FF, Ni, K, O, Mo, L, M, Ka, H); Staples & Herbst 2005:228 (KEY), 229 (DESCR); Wichman & St. John 1990 (remove Ni [plants noted as cult.]); Starr & Martz 1999/Young 120 BISH (PH†, 1964); Starr & Martz 1999/Herbst 6502 BISH (Li†, 1980)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Casuarina equisetifolia Laie Sandy loam soil. Veg. type: (trees, naupaka, grasses, beach morning-glory. Widely distributed. Preserved_Specimen Beckham, N. 42 Oahu BISH 1962-04-10
2 Casuarina equisetifolia Hauula Mountain range, on the second ridge Scattered distribution. Few trees. Preserved_Specimen Herat, T. 221 Oahu BISH 1972-08-23
3 Casuarina equisetifolia Diamond Head S. rim of crater; one of 3 trees Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 10534 Oahu BISH 1930-05-10
4 Casuarina equisetifolia Lanihuli ridge trail Preserved_Specimen MacDaniels, L.H. 190 Oahu BISH 1927-01-23
5 Casuarina equisetifolia Mokuauia island Preserved_Specimen Long, C.R. 1737 Oahu BISH 1964-05-16
6 Casuarina equisetifolia Tern Islet Preserved_Specimen Lamoureux, C.H. 1651 French Frigate Shoals BISH 1961-09-02
7 Casuarina equisetifolia Pioneer on lava flows, Near Kapoho, 20 mi se of Hilo Preserved_Specimen Little Jr., E.L. 31059 Hawaii BISH 1976-08-17
8 Casuarina equisetifolia Honolulu, King St Preserved_Specimen Grant, M.L. 7353 Oahu BISH 1934-09-10
9 Casuarina equisetifolia near east shore Preserved_Specimen Shelton, P.C. 409 Lisianski Island BISH 1966-06-18
10 Casuarina equisetifolia Kalaupapa; airport, oceanview pavilion Preserved_Specimen Wysong, M.L. 404 Molokai BISH 2004-11-11
11 Casuarina equisetifolia Manoa Campus, U. of H. No.47 on map Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 557 Oahu BISH 1967-08-29
12 Casuarina equisetifolia Near refuge sign Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 23658 Niihau BISH 1948-04-02
13 Casuarina equisetifolia Kalalau Trail, first mile or so Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 5179 Kauai BISH 1983-12-21
14 Casuarina equisetifolia Sand islet at inner NW corner of triangle formed by seaplane runways, Keehi Lagoon Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 1957 Oahu BISH 1971-06-13
15 Casuarina equisetifolia On sandy substratum on NW side of island. Laysan Island, Hawaiian Archepelago Preserved_Specimen Tsuda, R.T. 487 Laysan Island BISH 1963-12-04
16 Casuarina equisetifolia Kailua, Kailua Park Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 10912 Oahu BISH 1935-06-02
17 Casuarina equisetifolia camp area, NW part of island Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 6529 Laysan Island BISH 1980-07-14
18 Casuarina equisetifolia Kawaihapai between Kaena Point and Kaiaka Bay, north shore Preserved_Specimen Harris, J.A. 242205 Oahu BISH 1924-09-04
19 Casuarina equisetifolia Ironwood Golf Course Preserved_Specimen Evans, M. 34 Molokai BISH 1990-07-01
20 Casuarina equisetifolia Green Island Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 6264 Kure Atoll BISH 1979-01-04
21 Casuarina equisetifolia Pearl City- Girl Scout camp Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Oahu BISH 1940-10-31
22 Casuarina equisetifolia Burm Island, Keehi Lagoon Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 6072 Oahu BISH 1978-04-30
23 Casuarina equisetifolia Moomomi, east of bay with small pavilion Preserved_Specimen Mill, S.W. 496 Molokai BISH 1986-10-13
24 Casuarina equisetifolia Kawainui Marsh near Kailua Rd. At site of former Kailua Nursery. Also found near Kailua levee Preserved_Specimen Smith, L.B. 137 Oahu BISH 1976-05-24
25 Casuarina equisetifolia Mahulepu, between Kawailoa Bay and Pakamoi Preserved_Specimen Flynn, T.W. 1878 Kauai BISH 1986-09-02
26 Casuarina equisetifolia Kaena Point Preserved_Specimen Luke, K. 27 Oahu BISH 1960-07-12
27 Casuarina equisetifolia Kure Atoll Preserved_Specimen Lamoureux, C.H. 1886 Kure Atoll BISH 1961-09-12
28 Casuarina equisetifolia Honolulu, Maile Way, U. of H. campus Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 8813 Oahu BISH 1932-09-12
29 Casuarina equisetifolia in front of campsite above boat landing on NW side of island Preserved_Specimen Lamoureux, C.H. 1676 Laysan Island BISH 1961-09-05
30 Casuarina equisetifolia near east shore Preserved_Specimen Shelton, P.C. 409 Lisianski Island BISH 1966-06-18
31 Casuarina equisetifolia Kilauea Point Preserved_Specimen Long, C.R. 3018 Kauai BISH 1965-05-06
32 Casuarina equisetifolia Mokulua South, Oahu. Southwest ridge Preserved_Specimen Starr, F. 5022315 Oahu BISH 2005-02-23
33 Casuarina equisetifolia SW part of island Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 6502 Lisianski Island BISH 1980-07-11
34 Casuarina equisetifolia Planted on road near Honua Hawaii, South Hilo District Preserved_Specimen Pung, E. 332 Hawaii BISH 1981-12-02
35 Casuarina equisetifolia roadside between Lihue and Lawai, nr. Koloa Jct Preserved_Specimen Stone, B.C. 741 Kauai BISH 1955-06-15
36 Casuarina equisetifolia Kapapa Islet, Kaneohe Bay Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 14027 Oahu BISH 1937-06-06
37 Casuarina equisetifolia Bishop Museum grounds; elevation ca. 80'. Near Pauahi Hall Preserved_Specimen Leu, M. 51 Oahu BISH 1987-11-30
38 Casuarina equisetifolia Oahu, no specific locality given Preserved_Specimen van Royen, P. Oahu BISH 1968-02-18
39 Casuarina equisetifolia Honolulu, Kamehameha Hts Preserved_Specimen Wilder, G.P. Oahu BISH 1931-04-07
40 Casuarina equisetifolia Islet off Malaekahana-Mokuauia Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Oahu BISH 1938-06-19
41 Casuarina equisetifolia 3720 Pahoa Ave., Kaimuki Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. Oahu BISH 1917-01-01
42 Casuarina equisetifolia Kukaimanini near Kawela Bay Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Oahu BISH 1938-08-04
43 Casuarina equisetifolia Manoa Preserved_Specimen Russ, G.W. Oahu BISH 1932-01-01
44 Casuarina equisetifolia Kapapa Islet Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Oahu BISH 1938-09-24
45 Casuarina equisetifolia Laniloa Point Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Oahu BISH 1938-07-31
46 Casuarina equisetifolia Oahu Preserved_Specimen Twigg-Smith Oahu BISH 1934-01-02
47 Casuarina equisetifolia Kure Island, on lagoon edge, near radar reflector tower Preserved_Specimen Clay, H.F. Kure Atoll BISH 1959-10-03
48 Casuarina equisetifolia Pauoa Flats Preserved_Specimen Caum, E.L. Oahu BISH 1933-05-25
49 Casuarina equisetifolia Milolii Beach Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. Kauai BISH 1984-07-16
50 Casuarina equisetifolia Kure Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. Kure Atoll BISH 1979-01-03
51 Casuarina equisetifolia Naturalized in Glenwood along Hwy from forestry plantings Preserved_Specimen Stemmermann, R.L. 6937 Hawaii BISH 1985-04-26
52 Casuarina equisetifolia Honolulu, HTU-HC soccer field sandy clay Preserved_Specimen McCulloch, R. 12 Oahu BISH 1975-04-11
53 Casuarina equisetifolia Waikiki Preserved_Specimen Heller, A.A. 1955 Oahu BISH 1895-03-20
54 Casuarina equisetifolia Popoia Islet, Oahu. Near landing Preserved_Specimen Starr, F. 502232 Oahu BISH 2005-02-23
55 Casuarina equisetifolia Lawai Valley, NTBG, Westside of Lawai Stream, far west end of Allerton beach next to Thespesia populnea Preserved_Specimen Johnson, H.E. 231213 Kauai BISH 2003-05-21
56 Casuarina equisetifolia Tern Islet, N central side of the island Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 6227 French Frigate Shoals BISH 1978-09-11
57 Casuarina equisetifolia Honolulu, Maile Way, U. of H. campus, NW entrance to campus Preserved_Specimen Young, D.A. 1634 Oahu BISH 1979-01-18
58 Casuarina equisetifolia Hamakua HUMAN_OBSERVATION Friday, J.B. Hawaii 7/3/2004
59 Casuarina equisetifolia Lanai Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 537 Lanai BISH
60 Casuarina equisetifolia Hilo, Richardson's Beach Park HUMAN_OBSERVATION Friday, J.B. Hawaii 8/11/2003
61 Casuarina equisetifolia Kapapa, Oahu. Center of islet Covers the entire center of islet. Preserved_Specimen Starr, F. 5041850 Oahu BISH 2005-04-18
62 Casuarina equisetifolia BYU-HC by gym sandy, clay Preserved_Specimen Utai, M. 847 Oahu BISH 1975-03-01
63 Casuarina equisetifolia Hauula, Kakela Beach Sandy soil; distribution widespread. Slope 8 ft. Preserved_Specimen White, P.T. Oahu BISH 1977-04-12
64 Casuarina equisetifolia Kahuku Golf Course sandy, wind swept coast Preserved_Specimen Smith, M. 18 Oahu BISH 1986-02-04
65 Casuarina equisetifolia West side at edge of Scaevola, Eragrostis, Boerhavia association on high beach Preserved_Specimen Young, A.L. 133 Lisianski Island BISH 1964-08-21
66 Casuarina equisetifolia Kapaa, along Moanakai Rd along beach w/occasional plants of Scaevola and Messerschmidia Preserved_Specimen Spence, G. 150 Kauai BISH 1973-04-13
67 Casuarina equisetifolia Haleiwa Sandy soil. Veg type: (grass and bushes). Preserved_Specimen Aki, J. 51 Oahu BISH 1969-11-13
68 Casuarina equisetifolia Inland with rich soil, around Napaka Preserved_Specimen Al-Bayer, S. Kure Atoll BISH
69 Casuarina equisetifolia Kahuku Hilly; sandy loam soil. Trees scattered. Preserved_Specimen Hai, N. 60 Oahu BISH 1975-02-10
70 Casuarina equisetifolia Honolulu, Hukilau Beach sandy soil Preserved_Specimen Yao, M. 1 Oahu BISH 1968-01-10
71 Casuarina equisetifolia East Maui, Hana District, Ka Iwi O Pele Secondary forest dominated by Hibiscus, Eucalyptus, Casuarina, Schinus and Ardisia. Steep NE slope. Preserved_Specimen Flynn, T.W. 2623 Maui BISH 1987-11-13
72 Casuarina equisetifolia Laie On the beach; common in Hawaii, abundant along the coast. Preserved_Specimen Brandow, C.T. 47 Oahu BISH 1967-05-12
73 Casuarina equisetifolia Forestry exclosure, eastern-central part of island, NW of Lua Makika and NE of Moa'ula Exclosure surrounded by barren hardpan. Preserved_Specimen Cuddihy, L.W. 414 Kahoolawe BISH 1980-04-24
74 Casuarina equisetifolia Na Pali Coast, Nualolo Kai, near sea level Growing near shore. Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. 432 Kauai BISH 1979-07-20
75 Casuarina equisetifolia Salt marsh ironwood, longleaf ironwood, southwest of Lua Makika Forestry planting southwest of Lua Makika @1400 ft Preserved_Specimen Clarke, G. 216 Kahoolawe BISH 1980-04-25
76 Casuarina equisetifolia Top of west beach Edge of Scaevola-Eragrostis area. Sandy top of storm beach. Preserved_Specimen Shelton, P.C. 411 Lisianski Island BISH 1966-06-19
77 Casuarina equisetifolia Southeast Island Shurb 0.8 m. tall between Cynodon fields and tower with Boerhavia, Setaria and Tribulus. Preserved_Specimen Young, A.L. 120 Pearl & Hermes Atoll BISH 1964-08-19
78 Casuarina equisetifolia Koloa District. Kalaheo, Kukuiolono Golf Course, east of picnic pavilion, Casuarina grove by telecom towers and stone utilities building. Mowed grassy area Preserved_Specimen Lorence, D.H. 10848 Kauai BISH 2021-02-23
79 Casuarina equisetifolia E central part of islnd, slope of Moaula, elev. ca, 1200 ft. Planted tree about 40' tall in Andropogon pertusus grassland. Preserved_Specimen Cuddihy, L.W. 424 Kahoolawe BISH 1980-04-25
80 Casuarina equisetifolia NW side of island sandy substratum Preserved_Specimen Tsuda, R.T. Laysan Island BISH 1963-12-04
81 Casuarina equisetifolia Kau district. By Keauhou shelter single planted tree Preserved_Specimen Herat, T. 870 Hawaii BISH 1974-07-01
82 Casuarina equisetifolia Kahuku, Turtle Bay sandy shoreline Preserved_Specimen Sanchez, S. 2 Oahu BISH 1986-03-26
83 Casuarina equisetifolia Honolulu, across PCC, right off Kam Hwy sandy loam Preserved_Specimen Ali, S. 12 Oahu BISH 1969-05-12
84 Casuarina equisetifolia Puu Ku Dominant. Much of the west face of the islet is covered with ironwood, where it grows to the exclusion of virtually everything else. Some trees appear to be cut back but have regrown. There are many seedlings and saplings, some on virtually inaccessible pinnacles. A few small ones on summit and sides of tallest rock west of Puu Ku. Preserved_Specimen Starr, F. 6042216 Maui BISH 2006-04-22
85 Casuarina equisetifolia probably SE island between Cynodon fields and tower with Boerhavia, Setaria, and Tribulus Preserved_Specimen Young, A.L. 120 Pearl & Hermes Atoll BISH 1964-08-19
86 Casuarina equisetifolia Laie Abundant in mountain areas. Preserved_Specimen Higuchi, G.T. 48 Oahu BISH 1971-05-07
87 Casuarina equisetifolia Honolulu, Kahuku Golf Course sandy soil Preserved_Specimen Guinto, J. 1 Oahu BISH 1986-02-04
88 Casuarina equisetifolia Southeast Island Shurb 0.8 m. tall between Cynodon fields and tower with Boerhavia, Setaria and Tribulus. Preserved_Specimen Young, A.L. 120 Pearl & Hermes Atoll BISH 1964-08-19
89 Casuarina equisetifolia Koolau Poko District; Mokapu Peninsula Marine Corps Base Hawaii, Kaneohe Bay, Hale Koa Beach Growing in sand on the beach. Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 9740 Oahu BISH 1995-12-05
90 Casuarina equisetifolia Former Naval Air Station Barbers Point, Northern Trap & Skeet Range On bare scraped limestone. With Waltheria indica, Leucaena leucocephala, Prosopis palida, Pluchea, and Psilotum nudum. Preserved_Specimen BISH staff 40 Oahu BISH 2021-05-04
91 Casuarina equisetifolia Top of west beach Edge of Scaevola-Eragrostis area. Sandy top of storm beach. Preserved_Specimen Shelton, P.C. 411 Lisianski Island BISH 1966-06-19
92 Casuarina equisetifolia Mokuauia Island, Laie coral sand Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 14160 Oahu BISH 1937-07-04
93 Casuarina equisetifolia East Maui, Hana District. Kalahu Point, PTBG Kahanu Garden 0-50ft. Along Honomaele Stream on the Garden's eastern boundary. Disturbed area subject to frequent inundation by flood waters. Preserved_Specimen Flynn, T.W. 2452 Maui BISH 1987-10-15
94 Casuarina equisetifolia East Maui, Kailua Gulch along 2 1/2 mile boundary between H>C> &S. sugar cane fields 209 and 500. About 1/4 mi from tournahauler road leading from Haleakala Hwy. to Paia. Preserved_Specimen Ishikawa, S. 23 Maui BISH 1972-01-02
95 Casuarina equisetifolia Kapapa Islet, Kaneohe Bay raised coral reef with shallow, sandy soil Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 6120 Oahu BISH 1978-05-24
96 Casuarina equisetifolia Kailua, Kailua Park alt. 1m Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 10911 Oahu BISH 1935-06-02
97 Casuarina equisetifolia Laie; Hukilau Beach Sandy soil; heights vary from 15 to 140 ft. Scattered distribution. Preserved_Specimen Yao, M. 1 Oahu BISH 1968-01-10
98 Casuarina equisetifolia Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Near the refuge sign. Preserved_Specimen Conant, S. 178 Laysan Island BISH 1983-07-25
99 Casuarina equisetifolia East Maui, Hana District, Kauiki, on the E side of Hana Bay Dominated by Casuarina planted in late 1930s but with numerous other alien species. Red sand beach. Preserved_Specimen Flynn, T.W. 2501 Maui BISH 1987-10-21
100 Casuarina equisetifolia Kaamooloa Road, Waialua silty loam Preserved_Specimen Afualo, D. 2 Oahu BISH 1975-02-09
101 Casuarina equisetifolia Lihue, Niumalu Flat; tidal flats of Huleia Stream at Nawiliwili Bay with Rhizophora and Thespesia Preserved_Specimen Flynn, T.W. 2135 Kauai BISH 1987-04-03
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