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Caulerpa taxifolia

(M.Vahl) C.Agardh (1817)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Chlorophyta Class/Clade: Ulvophyceae Order: Bryopsidales Family: Caulerpaceae Genus: Caulerpa

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form:

Thallus:

Stipe:

Holdfast:

Reproductive Structures:

Ploidy:

Habitat:

Depth Range:

Historical Distribution

Images

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Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Indigenous

Island Status

Ni'ihau(Incl. Lehua) Indigenous
Kuaihelani (Midway Atoll) Indigenous
Kaua'i Indigenous
Manawai (Pearl & Hermes Atoll) Indigenous
O'ahu Indigenous
Molokai Indigenous
Kamole(Laysan Island) Indigenous
Lana'i Indigenous
Kaho'olawe Indigenous
Maui Indigenous
Mokumanamana(Necker) Indigenous
Hawai'i Indigenous
Nihoa Indigenous

Specimens

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Bibliography

Name Published In: Synopsis algarum Scandinaviae, adjecta dispositione universali algarum. pp. [i]-xl, [1]-135. Lundae [Lund]: Ex officina Berlingiana. (1817)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Caulerpa taxifolia Halona Blow Hole Preserved_Specimen Abbott, I.A. 274 Oahu BISH 1943-12-19
2 Caulerpa taxifolia Upolu Point Tidepool. -- Collected 22nd July but no year stated. Preserved_Specimen Fortner, H.J. Hawaii BISH
3 Caulerpa taxifolia Ewa Beach Sandy depression in low intertidal bench. Preserved_Specimen Magruder, W.H. Oahu BISH 1991-04-29
4 Caulerpa taxifolia Halona From outer rocks. Preserved_Specimen Abbott, I.A. 949 Oahu BISH 1946-02-27
5 Caulerpa taxifolia Kaunolu Tidepool. Preserved_Specimen Hui Lama Members Lanai BISH 1986-03-27
6 Caulerpa taxifolia Nimitz Beach, Barbers Point fr. eroded coral benches, exposed at -0.1 ft. tide level Preserved_Specimen Tseng, F. 18035 Oahu BISH 1987-02-27
7 Caulerpa taxifolia Kahala, reef flat off Hunakai Street 1 discrete clump. Preserved_Specimen Hodgson, L.M. 28207 Oahu BISH 2001-02-28
8 Caulerpa taxifolia Kahala, reef flat off Hunakai Street 1 discrete clump. Preserved_Specimen Hodgson, L.M. 28207 Oahu BISH 2001-02-28
9 Caulerpa taxifolia Makapuu Point sheltered cove, on sides of boulders in extensive mats, grass green in color Preserved_Specimen Magruder, W.H. 369 Oahu BISH 1989-01-24
10 Caulerpa taxifolia Makapuu Point sheltered cove, on sides of boulders in extensive mats, grass green in color Preserved_Specimen Magruder, W.H. 369 Oahu BISH 1989-01-24
11 Caulerpa taxifolia Makapuu Point sheltered cove, on sides of boulders in extensive mats, grass green in color Preserved_Specimen Magruder, W.H. 369 Oahu BISH
12 Caulerpa taxifolia Hanauma Bay in sandy substratum Preserved_Specimen Hoyle, M.D. 111 Oahu BISH 1969-11-01
13 Caulerpa taxifolia Kalaupapa National Park Intertidal; Tidepools Preserved_Specimen Squair, C. 180 Molokai BISH 2005-07-29
14 Caulerpa taxifolia Halona Collected from the outer rocks. Preserved_Specimen Abbott, I.A. 949 Oahu BISH 1946-02-27
15 Caulerpa taxifolia Kapalua Bay Preserved_Specimen Hau, S. 31350 Maui BISH 2005-02-15
16 Caulerpa taxifolia Makua Beach, Waianae Growing on sides of circular tidepool Preserved_Specimen Tsuda, R.T. 259 Oahu BISH 1963-07-06
17 Caulerpa taxifolia Kaunolu Tidepool Preserved_Specimen Anduha, M. Lanai BISH 1986-03-27
18 Caulerpa taxifolia Hulopoe Bay Reef flat and tidepools. Preserved_Specimen Ziegler, A.C. Lanai BISH 1986-03-28
19 Caulerpa taxifolia Lawai Kai, Location E Pond on flat. Preserved_Specimen Daida, G.Y. 15246 Kauai BISH 1979-12-27
20 Caulerpa taxifolia Moku Manu Preserved_Specimen Bernatowicz, A.J. 5517 Oahu BISH
21 Caulerpa taxifolia Ewa Beach Park Preserved_Specimen Mihata, J.R. 17 Oahu BISH 1967-07-08
22 Caulerpa taxifolia Kaunolu Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 5 Lanai BISH 1916-05-13
23 Caulerpa taxifolia Laupahoehoe Preserved_Specimen Okano, R. 24574 Hawaii BISH 2000-06-14
24 Caulerpa taxifolia French Frigate Shoals Preserved_Specimen McDermid, K.J. 7775 French Frigate Shoals BISH 2002-10-04
25 Caulerpa taxifolia French Frigate Shoals Preserved_Specimen Shultz, K. 8242 French Frigate Shoals BISH 2002-10-04
26 Caulerpa taxifolia Kipuka Kaupuaa Preserved_Specimen Stemmermann, R.L. 7153 Hawaii BISH 1987-06-23
27 Caulerpa taxifolia Waikiki Aquarium, origanally from Lanikai (?) Preserved_Specimen McDermid, K.J. 21959 Oahu BISH 1994-01-11
28 Caulerpa taxifolia Outside Preserved_Specimen Shultz, K. 5895 French Frigate Shoals BISH 2002-09-12
29 Caulerpa taxifolia Ka Lae o Kailio Preserved_Specimen Doty, M.S. 10223 Kauai BISH 1952-02-07
30 Caulerpa taxifolia Kaumalapau Harbor Preserved_Specimen Hansen, J.E. 563 Lanai BISH 1970-12-24
31 Caulerpa taxifolia Lualualei, Puu o Hulu Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. 1197 Oahu BISH 1934-09-09
32 Caulerpa taxifolia Moku Manu Islet Preserved_Specimen Bernatowicz, A.J. 5517 Oahu BISH
33 Caulerpa taxifolia Kapaa Park Preserved_Specimen Gilbert, W.J. 9819 Hawaii BISH 1959-05-21
34 Caulerpa taxifolia French Frigate Shoals Preserved_Specimen McDermid, K.J. 8165 French Frigate Shoals BISH 2002-09-13
35 Caulerpa taxifolia Sandy Beach Preserved_Specimen Schlech, K.E. 658 Oahu BISH 1983-12-18
36 Caulerpa taxifolia Kapihaa Bay Preserved_Specimen Doty, M.S. 22071 Lanai BISH 1960-11-27
37 Caulerpa taxifolia Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument Preserved_Specimen Leonard, J. 9246 Laysan Island BISH 2013-05-23
38 Caulerpa taxifolia Niihau Preserved_Specimen Okano, R. 31710 Niihau BISH 2006-08-09
39 Caulerpa taxifolia Lanai Preserved_Specimen Deguer 31040.2 Lanai BISH
40 Caulerpa taxifolia Station 9 Preserved_Specimen Geisler, K.J. 28060 French Frigate Shoals BISH 2000-09-12
41 Caulerpa taxifolia Kaunolu Bay, S coast Preserved_Specimen Hansen, J.E. 579 Lanai BISH 1970-12-25
42 Caulerpa taxifolia Kahe Point Preserved_Specimen Burch, B. 78016.02 Oahu BISH 1978-03-25
43 Caulerpa taxifolia French Frigate Shoals Preserved_Specimen McDermid, K.J. 8181 French Frigate Shoals BISH 2002-09-13
44 Caulerpa taxifolia Keanae Preserved_Specimen Hodgson, L.M. 21671 Maui BISH 1993-07-01
45 Caulerpa taxifolia Kahala, end of Hunakai St Preserved_Specimen Hodgson, L.M. 25047 Oahu BISH 2000-03-15
46 Caulerpa taxifolia Ewa Beach Park Preserved_Specimen Mihata, J.R. 160 Oahu BISH 1969-05-17
47 Caulerpa taxifolia Second Cathedrals Preserved_Specimen Grover, J. 21649 Lanai BISH 1993-05-26
48 Caulerpa taxifolia Moku Manu, Mokapu Preserved_Specimen Bernatowicz, A.J. 5517 Oahu BISH
49 Caulerpa taxifolia FFS-17 Preserved_Specimen Geisler, K.J. 27352 French Frigate Shoals BISH 2000-09-15
50 Caulerpa taxifolia French Frigate Shoals Preserved_Specimen Shultz, K. 7723 French Frigate Shoals BISH 2002-10-04
51 Caulerpa taxifolia FFS 20 Preserved_Specimen Vroom, P.S. 20003 French Frigate Shoals BISH 2002-09-11
52 Caulerpa taxifolia Lisianski Island Preserved_Specimen Shultz, K. 7577 Lisianski Island BISH 2002-09-30
53 Caulerpa taxifolia Makua Preserved_Specimen Gilbert, W.J. 9439 Oahu BISH 1959-04-13
54 Caulerpa taxifolia NWHI, Nihoa Preserved_Specimen Ball, F. 17303 Nihoa BISH 1977-07-05
55 Caulerpa taxifolia Station 35 Preserved_Specimen Geisler, K.J. 30196 Lisianski Island BISH 2000-09-22
56 Caulerpa taxifolia Moku Manu Islet Preserved_Specimen Bernatowicz, A.J. 5517 Oahu BISH
57 Caulerpa taxifolia NWHI, Laysan Preserved_Specimen Tanager Expedition 56 Laysan Island BISH 1941-01-05
58 Caulerpa taxifolia Aliomanu Beach Preserved_Specimen Doty, M.S. 9923 Kauai BISH 1952-02-03
59 Caulerpa taxifolia NWHI, Nihoa Preserved_Specimen Christophersen, E. 6 Nihoa BISH 1924-07-01
60 Caulerpa taxifolia Kaumalapau Preserved_Specimen Doty, M.S. 19923 Lanai BISH 1960-11-28
61 Caulerpa taxifolia Oawapalua Preserved_Specimen Hau, S. 24373 Kahoolawe BISH 2000-05-17
62 Caulerpa taxifolia French Frigate Shoals Preserved_Specimen McDermid, K.J. 8165 French Frigate Shoals BISH 2002-09-13
63 Caulerpa taxifolia FFS-16 La Perouse Preserved_Specimen Geisler, K.J. 27193 French Frigate Shoals BISH 2000-09-14
64 Caulerpa taxifolia 99 Preserved_Specimen Geisler, K.J. 30374 Maro Reef BISH 2000-10-15
65 Caulerpa taxifolia Lawai Kai, Location E Preserved_Specimen Daida, G.Y. 15431 Kauai BISH 1980-03-28
66 Caulerpa taxifolia Keaulana Preserved_Specimen Okano, R. 30518 Hawaii BISH 2001-05-18
67 Caulerpa taxifolia Maili Preserved_Specimen Abbott, I.A. 1418 Oahu BISH 1946-05-11
68 Caulerpa taxifolia E Waikahalulu Bay Preserved_Specimen Hau, S. 21010 Kahoolawe BISH 1992-09-09
69 Caulerpa taxifolia Sandy Beach Preserved_Specimen Schlech, K.E. 659 Oahu BISH 1983-01-02
70 Caulerpa taxifolia Sta. 14 Preserved_Specimen Geisler, K.J. 25491 French Frigate Shoals BISH 2000-09-14
71 Caulerpa taxifolia Lawai Kai, Location E Preserved_Specimen Daida, G.Y. 15849 Kauai BISH 1979-09-08
72 Caulerpa taxifolia FFS-07 Preserved_Specimen Geisler, K.J. 27139 French Frigate Shoals BISH 2000-09-11
73 Caulerpa taxifolia Kailua Beach Preserved_Specimen Doty, M.S. 19638 Oahu BISH 1962-02-12
74 Caulerpa taxifolia Halona (Blow Hole) Preserved_Specimen Abbott, I.A. 271 Oahu BISH 1943-12-19
75 Caulerpa taxifolia Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument Preserved_Specimen Wagner, D. 9260 French Frigate Shoals BISH 2013-05-20
76 Caulerpa taxifolia Lawai Kai, Location E Preserved_Specimen Daida, G.Y. 15397 Kauai BISH 1980-03-29
77 Caulerpa taxifolia Kapihaa Bay Preserved_Specimen Doty, M.S. 19953 Lanai BISH 1960-11-27
78 Caulerpa taxifolia Pukoo. Offshore; Station RA4 Preserved_Specimen Reath, P. 2003 Molokai BISH 2003-01-29
79 Caulerpa taxifolia Station 10 Preserved_Specimen Geisler, K.J. 28076 French Frigate Shoals BISH 2000-09-12
80 Caulerpa taxifolia Kahala, reef flat off Hunakai Street Preserved_Specimen Hodgson, L.M. 28207 Oahu BISH 2001-02-28
81 Caulerpa taxifolia Spouting Horn Preserved_Specimen Gilbert, W.J. 9538 Kauai BISH 1959-03-24
82 Caulerpa taxifolia West Loch, Pearl Harbor Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. 96 Oahu BISH 1944-05-07
83 Caulerpa taxifolia Lanikai Preserved_Specimen Strasburg, D.W. 2 Oahu BISH 1952-10-26
84 Caulerpa taxifolia Makapuu Point Preserved_Specimen Beach, K. 22377 Oahu BISH 1995-06-28
85 Caulerpa taxifolia Hanalei Preserved_Specimen Okano, R. 24918 Kauai BISH 2000-07-14
86 Caulerpa taxifolia Limahuli Preserved_Specimen Okano, R. 27017 Kauai BISH 2000-07-11
87 Caulerpa taxifolia Hana Bay, E Maui, Hana District Preserved_Specimen Abbott, I.A. 14556 Maui BISH 1976-08-26
88 Caulerpa taxifolia Kahe Preserved_Specimen Okano, R. 30634 Oahu BISH 2001-05-18
89 Caulerpa taxifolia Makaha Preserved_Specimen Hodgson, L.M. 19009 Oahu BISH 1988-08-05
90 Caulerpa taxifolia Koko Head Preserved_Specimen Magruder, W.H. 259 Oahu BISH 1975-01-06
91 Caulerpa taxifolia Moku Manu Preserved_Specimen Bernatowicz, A.J. 5517 Oahu BISH
92 Caulerpa taxifolia Moku Manu Preserved_Specimen Bernatowicz, A.J. 5517 Oahu BISH 1955-09-06
93 Caulerpa taxifolia Waimanalo Beach Park Preserved_Specimen Hastings, C.F. 282 Oahu BISH 1968-09-15
94 Caulerpa taxifolia Huawai Bay, 0.5 mi E Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 28694 Lanai BISH 1964-01-09
95 Caulerpa taxifolia Outside Preserved_Specimen McDermid, K.J. 5935 French Frigate Shoals BISH 2002-09-13
96 Caulerpa taxifolia Laupahoehoe Point Preserved_Specimen Okano, R. 31088 Hawaii BISH 2003-06-01
97 Caulerpa taxifolia W Maui, Lahaina Preserved_Specimen Matsui, T. 12862 Maui BISH 1955-09-01
98 Caulerpa taxifolia NWHI, Laysan Preserved_Specimen Tanager Expedition 60 Laysan Island BISH 1923-01-01
99 Caulerpa taxifolia Kahoolawe Preserved_Specimen Hau, S. 20837 Kahoolawe BISH 1992-09-09
100 Caulerpa taxifolia Kaumalapau Preserved_Specimen Doty, M.S. 22111 Lanai BISH 1960-01-01
101 Caulerpa taxifolia Barber's Point Preserved_Specimen Leu, M. 7 Oahu BISH 1987-02-22
102 Caulerpa taxifolia Kalaupapa Peninsula Preserved_Specimen Gilbert, W.J. 63125 Molokai BISH 1963-07-10
103 Caulerpa taxifolia Kahe Point Preserved_Specimen Okano, R. 24339 Oahu BISH 2000-05-19
104 Caulerpa taxifolia Kekaha Preserved_Specimen Gilbert, W.J. 9694 Kauai BISH 1959-04-30
105 Caulerpa taxifolia Moku Manu Preserved_Specimen Bernatowicz, A.J. 5517 Oahu BISH 1955-09-06
106 Caulerpa taxifolia NWHI, Necker Island Preserved_Specimen Fortner, H.J. 17326 Necker BISH 1984-06-27
107 Caulerpa taxifolia NEC-04-05 Random Preserved_Specimen Squair, C. 20823 Necker BISH
108 Caulerpa taxifolia Pearl Harbor, West Loch, 1 mile N of mouth Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. 96 Oahu BISH 1944-07-05
109 Caulerpa taxifolia Lisianski Island Preserved_Specimen Shultz, K. 7987 Lisianski Island BISH 2002-10-01
110 Caulerpa taxifolia Hanauma Bay Preserved_Specimen Doty, M.S. 8936 Oahu BISH 1951-11-13
111 Caulerpa taxifolia Ewa Beach Park Preserved_Specimen Doty, M.S. 28561 Oahu BISH 1977-12-10
112 Caulerpa taxifolia NWHI, Maro Reef Preserved_Specimen MA 0.023 Maro Reef BISH 1991-07-04
113 Caulerpa taxifolia Kapapa Isl., Kaneohe Bay Preserved_Specimen Fortner, H.J. Oahu BISH 1974-03-09
114 Caulerpa taxifolia Moku Manu Islet Preserved_Specimen Bernatowicz, A.J. 5517 Oahu BISH
115 Caulerpa taxifolia Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument Preserved_Specimen Wagner, D. 9248 French Frigate Shoals BISH 2015-09-07
116 Caulerpa taxifolia Kahala, end of Hunakai St Preserved_Specimen Hodgson, L.M. 25028 Oahu BISH 2000-03-15
117 Caulerpa taxifolia Makapuu Point Preserved_Specimen Conger, A. Oahu BISH 1941-11-02
118 Caulerpa taxifolia Halona Preserved_Specimen Abbott, I.A. 274 Oahu BISH 1943-12-19
119 Caulerpa taxifolia Kauai Preserved_Specimen Newhouse, J.W. 22139 Kauai BISH 1952-12-01
120 Caulerpa taxifolia Preserved_Specimen Geisler, K. 27138 French Frigate Shoals BISH 2000-09-11
121 Caulerpa taxifolia Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument Preserved_Specimen Hauk, B. Pearl & Hermes Atoll BISH 2019-08-06
122 Caulerpa taxifolia Anchor Wreck, Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument Preserved_Specimen Williams, T. French Frigate Shoals BISH 2021-08-04
123 Caulerpa taxifolia Manners Beach Preserved_Specimen (Not on sheet) Oahu BISH 1952-03-26
124 Caulerpa taxifolia Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument Preserved_Specimen Hauk, B. Pearl & Hermes Atoll BISH 2019-08-03
125 Caulerpa taxifolia Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument Preserved_Specimen Kosaki, R French Frigate Shoals BISH 2016-05-25
126 Caulerpa taxifolia Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument Preserved_Specimen Wagner, D. Laysan Island BISH 2016-06-09
127 Caulerpa taxifolia Lualualei, Puu o Hulu Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Oahu BISH 1934-09-09
128 Caulerpa taxifolia Upolu Preserved_Specimen Fortner, H.J. Hawaii BISH 1975-08-24
129 Caulerpa taxifolia Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument Preserved_Specimen Kosaki, R. Pearl & Hermes Atoll BISH 2015-09-13
130 Caulerpa taxifolia Haena Point Preserved_Specimen Randall, J.E. Kauai BISH 1951-11-11
131 Caulerpa taxifolia Mokapu Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Oahu BISH 1923-03-25
132 Caulerpa taxifolia Mokapu Preserved_Specimen (Not on sheet) Oahu BISH 1923-03-25
133 Caulerpa taxifolia Alae Iki Preserved_Specimen McDermid, K.J. Maui BISH 1984-03-29
134 Caulerpa taxifolia Kawaihoa Preserved_Specimen Oahu BISH
135 Caulerpa taxifolia Maro, Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument Preserved_Specimen Kosaki, R BISH 2016-05-29
136 Caulerpa taxifolia Pioneer, Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument, Hawaii Preserved_Specimen Wagner, D. 9250 BISH 2015-09-24
137 Caulerpa taxifolia Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Preserved_Specimen 5990 BISH 2002-10-01
138 Caulerpa taxifolia Honomu Preserved_Specimen Okano, R. 22578 Hawaii BISH 1995-09-03
139 Caulerpa taxifolia Moku Manu Islet Preserved_Specimen Bernatowicz, A.J. 5517 Oahu BISH
140 Caulerpa taxifolia Moku Manu Islet Preserved_Specimen Bernatowicz, A.J. Oahu BISH
141 Caulerpa taxifolia Kalaupapa Preserved_Specimen Magruder, W.H. Molokai BISH
142 Caulerpa taxifolia Sta. FFS-7 Preserved_Specimen Geisler, K.J. 27140 French Frigate Shoals BISH 2000-09-11
143 Caulerpa taxifolia Hulopoe Beach Park, Basalt shoreline on east side of park Intertidal Preserved_Specimen Fisher, J.R. 1001 Lanai BISH 2003-02-05
144 Caulerpa taxifolia Mokumanamana, Station 8A Preserved_Specimen Geisler, K. 3031913 necker BISH 2000-06-22
145 Caulerpa taxifolia Kapalua Bay Preserved_Specimen Hau, S. 610426 Maui BISH 1991-04-26
146 Caulerpa taxifolia Nihoa Island Preserved_Specimen Christophersen, E. 6 Nihoa BISH 1924-07-01
147 Caulerpa taxifolia Other Preserved_Specimen Shultz, K. 7146 Maro Reef BISH 2002-09-16
148 Caulerpa taxifolia Lisianski Island Preserved_Specimen Shultz, K. 8138 Lisianski Island BISH 2002-10-01
149 Caulerpa taxifolia Makua Beach, Waianae Preserved_Specimen Tsuda, R.T. 259 Oahu BISH
150 Caulerpa taxifolia FFS-28 Preserved_Specimen Vroom, P.S. 20037 French Frigate Shoals BISH 2002-09-13
151 Caulerpa taxifolia shore at Lanikai Found in a limu bec_ washed up on the shore at Lanikai Preserved_Specimen Dunn, L. 17 oahu BISH 2000-02-04
152 Caulerpa taxifolia Mahukona On pylon protruding from water on side opposite boat hoist. Preserved_Specimen Magruder, W.H. 1766 Hawaii BISH 1988-05-20
153 Caulerpa taxifolia Anini Reef on reef flat at low tide. Preserved_Specimen Magruder, W.H. 270 Kauai BISH 1988-12-23
154 Caulerpa taxifolia Kaunolu Tidepool Preserved_Specimen Hui Lama Members Lanai BISH 1986-03-27
155 Caulerpa taxifolia Makaha Caverns Collected at approx. depth of 20-40 ft. off eroded coral bottom Preserved_Specimen Hodgson, L.M. 18837 Oahu BISH 1988-08-05
156 Caulerpa taxifolia Kaunolu Tidepool Preserved_Specimen Young, F. Lanai BISH 1986-03-27
157 Caulerpa taxifolia Upolu Point Collected from a tidepool in a lava bench Preserved_Specimen Fortner, H.J. 17618 Hawaii BISH 1975-08-25
158 Caulerpa taxifolia West Beach, Lagoon A Intertidal Preserved_Specimen Carper, S.P. 173 Oahu BISH 1988-05-11
159 Caulerpa taxifolia Kepuhi Point, Kaena Collected July 1944. Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. 110 Oahu BISH 1944-07-01
160 Caulerpa taxifolia Kapakoia, Pepeekeo Intertidal Preserved_Specimen Okano, R. 30994 Hawaii BISH 2003-04-29
161 Caulerpa taxifolia Kaunolu Tidepool. Preserved_Specimen Melo, T. Lanai BISH 1986-03-27
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