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Persicaria glabra

(Willd.) M.Gómez (1896)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-CoreEudicot Order: Caryophyllales Family: Polygonaceae Genus: Persicaria

kāmole [kamole], knotweed, smartweed

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Annual or perennial herbs.

Stems: Stems red, ascending, swollen and often rooting at the nodes, 5–15 dm long, glabrous.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate. Blades oblong–lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, (10–)14–28 cm long, (2–)3–6 cm wide. Surfaces minutely pustulate, otherwise usually glabrous, sometimes with scattered hairs on nerves of lower surface. Margins entire. Petioles 0.5–2 cm long. Stipules present as an ocreae, tubular, usually 20–30 mm long, apex not ciliate, sometimes with a few small bristles ca. 0.5 mm long.

Flowers: Flowers in open racemes, these sometimes in paniculate inflorescences 5–10 cm long, each flower on a jointed pedicel. Flowers bisexual (perfect), actinomorphic. Tepals (4)5(6), usually petaloid, persistent, white or pinkish, 3–4 mm long, sometimes sparsely so, glandular punctate. Stamens 3–9, but usually 5, exserted or included; anthers dithecal, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, (2)3(4)-carpellate, 1-celled; ovule 1; styles 2–3, distinct or connate basally, deciduous; stigmas capitate or rarely fimbriate, dry.

Fruit: Nuts dark brown to nearly black; broadly ovoid; biconvex or subtrigonous; protruding up to ca. ½ its length from or completely enclosed by the persistent tepals; 2–2.5 mm long; the surface glossy.

Ploidy: 2n = 20; 40; 60; 66

Habitat: Along streambeds; taro paddies; or in moving water.

Elevation Range: 260–1,450 m.

Historical Distribution

Images

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Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Indigenous or Naturalized

Island Status

Kaua'i Indigenous or Naturalized
O'ahu Indigenous or Naturalized
Molokai Indigenous or Naturalized
Maui Indigenous or Naturalized
Hawai'i Indigenous or Naturalized

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Anales Inst. Segunda Enseñ. 2: 278 (1896)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1064 (K, O, Mo, M, H [as Polygonum glabrum]); Wilson 1990:632/Herbst & Wagner 1999:30 (Syn. Polygonum glabrum = Persicaria glabra); Forbes 1607.O BISH (O†, 1910)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Persicaria glabra Paauhau 3 Gulch. Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 4257 Hawaii BISH 1909-07-06
2 Persicaria glabra Piihonua. Site 38 OS Hilo Forest Reserve Primary vegetation: Acacia koa, Metrosideros polymorpha, Psidium cattleianum, Cheirodendron trigynum, Antidesma platyphyllum, Vaccinium calycinum. Ohia-koa dieback. Soils are a somewhat poorly drained ash found over an unkown substrate. Preserved_Specimen Adee, K.T. Hawaii BISH 1979-04-19
3 Persicaria glabra NW of Maunahui sunny stream bank Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8778 Molokai BISH 1928-05-20
4 Persicaria glabra Kamakou Preserve, Kaunakakai Gulch, East Molokai Montane wet Metrosideros forest. Preserved_Specimen Pratt, L.W. 1958 Molokai BISH 1985-09-23
5 Persicaria glabra Kohala Mts, above Waimea Preserved_Specimen Skottsberg, C.J.F. 714 Hawaii BISH 1922-09-29
6 Persicaria glabra Kamiloloa; Tr 3(35); Kaulahuki along jeep road by stream; mesic exotic trees with some native trees and native and exotic grass-shrub understory Preserved_Specimen Stemmermann, R.L. 3914 Molokai BISH 1979-07-15
7 Persicaria glabra NW of Maunahui sunny stream bank Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8778 Molokai BISH 1928-05-20
8 Persicaria glabra Nuuanu Valley Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1607 Oahu BISH 1910-10-01
9 Persicaria glabra Honokahau Drainage Basin Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 416 Maui BISH 1917-09-25
10 Persicaria glabra N fork of Wailua River just beyond intake for Iliiliula N Wailua Ditch Preserved_Specimen Flynn, T.W. 892 Kauai BISH 1984-08-18
11 Persicaria glabra 17 mi along road from Kohala toward Waimea, along sunny stream in water Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8783 Hawaii BISH 1936-07-31
12 Persicaria glabra Lukoinoho, N side Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 35 Kauai BISH 1909-07-10
13 Persicaria glabra Halemanu Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 2404 Kauai BISH 1909-02-14
14 Persicaria glabra W Maui, In stream at foot of Mt. Eke trail climb, In shallow running water Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 2276 Maui BISH 1927-08-27
15 Persicaria glabra Paauhau Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 4258 Hawaii BISH 1909-07-06
16 Persicaria glabra Kilauea, mountains near Ka Loko Reservoir Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 522 Kauai BISH 1916-10-07
17 Persicaria glabra W Maui, Near Mt. Eke from Waihee side, Streambank near Eke Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8782 Maui BISH 1927-07-02
18 Persicaria glabra East Maui, Lower Shelf of Kipahulu Valley below Delta Camp in bogs. Preserved_Specimen Welton, P. 1626 Maui BISH 1992-06-03
19 Persicaria glabra Transect 1 at base of North Ridge along stream choked with Paspalum conjugatum and Musa sp Preserved_Specimen Harrison, B. 173 Maui BISH 1972-07-04
20 Persicaria glabra Kiilae, S. Kona, in swampy kepuka in open Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 1517 Hawaii BISH 1936-08-21
21 Persicaria glabra Hanapepe River, near the falls Preserved_Specimen Heller, A.A. 2423 Kauai BISH 1895-06-24
22 Persicaria glabra Halawa Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 479 Molokai BISH 1912-08-01
23 Persicaria glabra Base of North Ridge; Transect 1, along small stream choked with Paspalum conjugatum, Musa sp Preserved_Specimen Conant, P. 2635 Maui BISH 1972-07-23
24 Persicaria glabra West side Keanae Valley, East Island Preserved_Specimen Mitchell, A.L. 89 Maui BISH 1945-11-22
25 Persicaria glabra East Maui, Lower Shelf of Kipahulu Valley along USFWS Tr #16 Preserved_Specimen Welton, P. 1923 Maui BISH 1997-05-20
26 Persicaria glabra East Maui, District: Vicinity of Hana, in shallow water Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8780 Maui BISH 1927-06-12
27 Persicaria glabra 17 miles along road from Kohala toward Waimea, along running stream Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8784 Maui BISH 1926-08-13
28 Persicaria glabra Kipahulu Valley Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1678 Maui BISH 1919-11-18
29 Persicaria glabra Kalae Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 84 Molokai BISH 1912-06-01
30 Persicaria glabra Kamoku Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 684 Molokai BISH 1915-03-31
31 Persicaria glabra Waimea Drainage Basin, W side Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 864 Kauai BISH 1917-07-03
32 Persicaria glabra East Maui, Lower Shelf of Kipahulu Valley at the lower dogleg LZ below USFWS Tr 16 Preserved_Specimen Welton, P. 1709 Maui BISH 1993-02-24
33 Persicaria glabra East Maui, Hana District, Kipahulu Valley, E part of valley Preserved_Specimen Lamoureux, C.H. 3918 Maui BISH 1967-08-07
34 Persicaria glabra Kamoku Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 565 Molokai BISH 1916-06-05
35 Persicaria glabra Lukoinoho, N side Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 35 Kauai BISH 1909-07-10
36 Persicaria glabra Halawa Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 497 Molokai BISH 1912-08-01
37 Persicaria glabra Molokai Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8779 Molokai BISH 1928-04-01
38 Persicaria glabra At base of Puu Hoolio (S side) Transect one, along muddy stream with taro Preserved_Specimen Harrison, B. 165 Maui BISH 1972-08-04
39 Persicaria glabra Kokee Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Kauai BISH 1930-08-21
40 Persicaria glabra Waikolu Valley; tunnel outlet at 900ft elevation Preserved_Specimen Funk, E.J. Molokai BISH 1988-08-16
41 Persicaria glabra unknown Preserved_Specimen Mann, H. 19 BISH 1864-01-01
42 Persicaria glabra Waimea valley, near Waialae ranger station Preserved_Specimen Cranwell, L.M. 3093 Kauai BISH 1938-08-22
43 Persicaria glabra East Maui, Makawao District, Oopuola Stream near ditch trail Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8781 Maui BISH 1927-07-07
44 Persicaria glabra One of the double pit craters makai of Kulani cone With Carex pluvia, C. nealiae, Ludwigia palustris, Hydrocotyle, and Cuphea Preserved_Specimen Stemmermann, R.L. 6778 Hawaii BISH 1981-07-15
45 Persicaria glabra S fork of Onini Gulch In shade of Aleurites with Phytolacca, Oplismenus, and Erigeron. Preserved_Specimen Anderson, S.J. 541 Molokai BISH 1982-05-28
46 Persicaria glabra Oopuola Stream, neart ditch trail Along stream Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8781 Maui BISH 1927-07-07
47 Persicaria glabra E fork of Kawela Valley side of stream Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8777 Molokai BISH 1928-05-05
48 Persicaria glabra unknown small ravine; Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. BISH
49 Persicaria glabra W Maui, Wailena Gulch Common in moist woods near stream. Preserved_Specimen Crosby, M.R. 1839 Maui BISH 1964-07-15
50 Persicaria glabra S of the Wailuku River, Hilo Forest Reserve, South Hilo District Found occasionally within a bog. Growing with Juncus effusus, Andropogon, Carex, and Scirpus. Preserved_Specimen Clarke, G. 592 Hawaii BISH 1981-05-20
51 Persicaria glabra S fork of Onini Gulch in shade of Aleurites with Phytolacca, Oplismenus and Erigeron Preserved_Specimen Anderson, S.J. 541 Molokai BISH 1982-05-28
52 Persicaria glabra Kokee flowing water Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 13797 Kauai BISH 1933-12-28
53 Persicaria glabra Blue Hole stream drainage. Secondary stream N of main stream confluence. Open, disturbed vegetation at edge of stream with Metrosideros, Clidemia hirta, Spathoglottis, Sphenomeris chinensis, Freycinetia, Nephrolepis. Preserved_Specimen Trauernicht, C. 742 Kauai BISH 2009-02-12
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