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Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense

(A.Gray) Hitchc. (1922)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Asterids Order: Solanales Family: Solanaceae Genus: Lycium

‘ae‘ae [aeae], ‘ākulikuli ‘ae‘ae [akulikuli aeae], ‘ākulikuli ‘ōhelo [akulikuli ohelo], ‘ākulikuli kai [akulikuli kai], ‘ōhelo kai [ohelo kai]

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Spreading shrubs up to 1 m tall, woody shrubs; main branches bearing short lateral branches.

Stems: Branches stiff, bark pale, glabrous.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate on primary shoots, clustered on condensed lateral shoots; appearing clustered on extremely condensed axillary branchlets. Blades spatulate to linear–spatulate, somewhat succulent, 0.6–3.5 cm long, 0.2–0.8 cm wide. Apex rounded. Base tapering to slender base. Margins entire. Subsessile. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers solitary in the axils, pedicels 6–12 mm long. Flowers bisexual (perfect), actinomorphic. Calyx campanulate, 4-lobed, 3–4 mm long, the lobes triangular. Corolla whitish or bluish to pink, tubular expanding to a 4-lobed limb, the tube 0.3–0.4 cm long, not exceeding calyx, the lobes ovate, 5–6 mm long, spreading reticulate-veined. Stamens 4, glabrous, inserted on corolla throat; filaments pilose below; anthers dithecal, opening longitudinally. Ovary superior, 2-celled, subtended by an annular disk, placentation axile; ovules numerous; style 1, slender; stigma capitate with 2 oblique stigmatic surfaces.

Fruit: Berries red; succulent; globose; ca. 8 mm in diameter. Seeds numerous.

Ploidy: 2n = 24*

Habitat: Occurring in subsaline and rocky coastal sites.

Elevation Range: 0–40 m.

Historical Distribution

Images

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Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Indigenous

Island Status

Ka'ula Indigenous
Ni'ihau(Incl. Lehua) Indigenous
Kaua'i Indigenous
O'ahu Indigenous
Molokai Indigenous
Lana'i Indigenous
Kaho'olawe Indigenous
Maui Indigenous
Hawai'i Indigenous

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 19: 243 (1922)

Other References

Levin, R. A., & Miller, J. S. (2021). Molecular signatures of long‐distance oceanic dispersal and the colonization of Pacific islands in Lycium carolinianum. American Journal of Botany, 108(4), 694-710.

Wagner et al. 1990:1257 (Ni, K, O, Mo, L, M, Ka, H [as L. sandwicense]); Levin & Miller 2005:2050/Levin et al. 2007:237/Levin & Miller 2021:702 (Syn. L. sandwicense = L. carolinianum var. sandwicense); Note: Kl added, based on BISH spm. (R. Daehler 16, 20.i.1976)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Kaununui Coral ledge on beach Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 22715 Niihau BISH 1947-08-11
2 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Kiei Islet on west slope Rare. One healthy patch on west slope of lowest terrace. Preserved_Specimen Starr, F. 6040604 Lanai BISH 2006-04-06
3 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense 2 mi NE Lower Paia, Hookipa Park terrace above high tide level Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 43546 Maui BISH 1963-03-11
4 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Molokini Islet Rare. Two patches draping over sheer wall on inner slope in middle part of islet near coast. Preserved_Specimen Starr, F. 6040513 Maui BISH 2006-04-05
5 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Kuapa Fish Pond, Maunalua seashore Preserved_Specimen Inafuku, R. Oahu BISH 1931-04-27
6 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Limestone Point Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 42 Lanai BISH 1929-04-24
7 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Between Kawaihapai and Kaena Pt rocky railroad embankment near ocean Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 7396 Oahu BISH 1931-09-13
8 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense W Maui, Lahaina District, Nakalele Point Coastal bluff Preserved_Specimen Annable, C.R. 3889 Maui BISH 1999-01-14
9 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Between Lumahai and Hanalei Valleys basalt ledges just above beach. Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 12795 Kauai BISH 1936-01-04
10 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Mokeehia, Maui Draping off rocks. Preserved_Specimen Starr, F. 504041 Maui BISH 2005-04-04
11 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Mokuhooniki Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 1140 Molokai BISH 1981-09-08
12 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Paomai Coast Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 84 Lanai BISH 1913-09-13
13 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense near Moleapu Pt Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1407 Oahu BISH 1909-11-28
14 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Limestone point Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 149 Molokai BISH 1913-09-13
15 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Mokuoea Island, Keehi Lagoon Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 6054 Oahu BISH 1978-04-30
16 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Popoia Island, Lanikai Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 6025 Oahu BISH 1978-02-07
17 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense West Maui, Hulu Island, Kahakuloa Preserved_Specimen Kepler, A.K. 32 Maui BISH 1981-08-20
18 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Honolulu, filled-in ground near Waikiki Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 7399 Oahu BISH 1926-11-26
19 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Kaula Rock Preserved_Specimen Daehler, R. 16 Kaula Rock BISH 1976-01-20
20 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Mokoleia Islet, Kailua Bay Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 6035 Oahu BISH 1978-02-07
21 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Koloa Preserved_Specimen Mann, H. 597 Kauai BISH 1864-01-01
22 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Kalaupapa; coast, E of lighthouse Preserved_Specimen Wysong, M.L. 457 Molokai BISH 2004-11-18
23 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Lime stone point Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 258 Molokai BISH 1913-12-13
24 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Mokuauia Islet, Oahu Preserved_Specimen Starr, F. 502222 Oahu BISH 2007-02-22
25 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Koloa Preserved_Specimen Mann, H. 597 Kauai BISH 1864-01-01
26 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense E coast Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 522 Lanai BISH 1930-01-14
27 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense flats near Kuapa Pond Preserved_Specimen Stone, B.C. 3218 Oahu BISH 1960-01-01
28 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Lualualei, between Nanakuli and Maile, Farrington Hwy Preserved_Specimen Chock, A.K. 428 Oahu BISH 1952-02-24
29 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Kapapa, Oahu Preserved_Specimen Starr, F. 5041835 Oahu BISH 2005-04-18
30 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense SE of Koko Crater, near Blowhole, Maunalua Preserved_Specimen Hartung, M. Oahu BISH 1935-05-09
31 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Molokini Islet Preserved_Specimen Stokes, J.F.G. Maui BISH 1913-02-10
32 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Popoia, S Island, near Kailua Preserved_Specimen Stokes, J.F.G. Oahu BISH 1915-11-01
33 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense S corner of plateau Preserved_Specimen Stokes, J.F.G. Niihau BISH 1912-01-01
34 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Kaena Point Preserved_Specimen van Royen, P. Oahu BISH 1968-06-03
35 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Black Point, Kupikipikio Preserved_Specimen Judd Jr., A.F. Oahu BISH 1939-05-27
36 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Mokulua islets, off Lanikai Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Oahu BISH 1936-06-14
37 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Below heiau near a small rock cave On rocks. Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. Kauai BISH 1978-06-15
38 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Kukuihoolua Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Oahu BISH 1938-08-02
39 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense 1st islet E of Kawela Bay Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Oahu BISH 1938-08-06
40 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Opaeula Pond, Makalawena, Kona Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 9758 Hawaii BISH 1982-04-14
41 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Mokulua, North Island, Lanikai Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 5993 Oahu BISH 1978-02-07
42 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Molokai Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 7393 Molokai BISH 1928-04-19
43 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Between Kepuhi and Kaa coastal rocks, arid Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 7394 Molokai BISH 1928-04-28
44 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Mokulua, north islet, Kailua bare ridge, saddle Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 12940 Oahu BISH 1936-02-16
45 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Ka‘ena Point Keawaula Section. Ocean side of trail. On rocks. Preserved_Specimen Kennedy, B. 133 Oahu BISH 2021-01-24
46 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Queen's Beach Rocky, sandy coastal plain Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 5341 Oahu BISH 1984-02-19
47 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Kapapa, Oahu entire islet Preserved_Specimen Starr, F. 5041810 Oahu BISH 2005-04-18
48 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Mokeehia, Maui Draping off rocks. Preserved_Specimen Starr, F. 504047 Maui BISH 2005-04-18
49 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Kanaio district, in area nown as Kanaio beach In low, diverse coastal scrub. Preserved_Specimen Medeiros, A.C. 598 Maui BISH 1983-11-20
50 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense West Molokai, Anapuka cliffs of volcanic rock and flats of calcareous sand at tops Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 29591 Molokai BISH 1948-02-22
51 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Barber's Point, 2 miles E edge of beach Preserved_Specimen Grady, G.L. 1255 Oahu BISH 1948-02-04
52 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Lae Wahie spray exposed coastal rocks Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 28609 Lanai BISH 1963-07-24
53 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Between Kawaihapai and Kaena Pt dry arid rocky coast Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 7395 Oahu BISH 1931-09-13
54 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Niulii, Kohala dry coast Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 7397 Hawaii BISH 1930-03-23
55 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Moku Manu, S islet, southwest slope near coast Rare. Preserved_Specimen Starr, F. 6022803 Oahu BISH 2006-02-28
56 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Mokolea Rock exposed Preserved_Specimen Dranga, T. 1239 Oahu BISH 1924-02-25
57 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Koko Head beach Preserved_Specimen Hume, E.P. 189 Oahu BISH 1931-04-29
58 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Paomai, Kanaele sand dunes Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 18829 Lanai BISH 1938-04-13
59 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Mokapu, N shore islet, E of Kalaupapa lower N end, in sea spray; coastal dry shrubland; Chenopodium oahuense, Chamaesyce celastroides, Diospyros sandwicensis, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Sida fallax, Plumbago zeylanica, Artemisia australis, Schiedea globosa, Melanthera integrifolia, Cassytha filliformis Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 12196 Molokai BISH 2006-11-01
60 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Nanakuli lava beach Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 10392 Oahu BISH 1930-02-26
61 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense About .3 km S of Anaehoomalu along coast Anchialine pool with native vegetation of Lycium, Bacopa, Scaevola, Sesuvium and Sporobolus virginicus; also Cocos and Thespesia around margins Preserved_Specimen Price, J.P. 4 Hawaii BISH 2000-07-21
62 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Barber's Point, near lighthouse sandy, with Sesuvium, Batis, Lipochaeta, Pluchea Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 1193 Oahu BISH 1968-07-25
63 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Koko Head, opposite Rifle Range tuff sea cliffs, protected pockets in solution basins; with Lipochaeta, Batis Preserved_Specimen Nagata, K.M. 1231 Oahu BISH 1974-07-25
64 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Mokulua Island, S islet, Kailua rocky base of cliff Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 12910 Oahu BISH 1936-02-16
65 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Koolau Poko District; Mokapu Peninsula Marine Corps Base Hawaii, Kaneohe Bay, Pyramid Rock Beach Growing assoc. w/Sporobolus virginicus in shade of Casuarina trees. Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 9753 Oahu BISH 1996-01-08
66 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense near Diamond Head strand Preserved_Specimen Skottsberg, C.J.F. 102 Oahu BISH 1922-08-10
67 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Koloa District; West side of Hanapepe Bay, Paakahi Point Mixed native and non-native shrubland-grassland-herbland w/ Sida fallax, Lycium sandwicensis, Jacquemontia ovalifolia, Ipomoea pes-caprae subsp. Brasiliensis, Sporobolus virginicus Sesucium portulacastrum, Scaevola taccada, Vigna marina, Panicum torridum, P Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 18663 Kauai BISH 2021-04-05
68 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Hulu, Maui Cascading off rocks. Preserved_Specimen Starr, F. 5040421 Maui BISH 2005-04-04
69 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Mokupipi, Maui Draping over ledges. Preserved_Specimen Starr, F. 504051 Maui BISH 2005-04-05
70 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Kaena Point near shore Preserved_Specimen Christophersen, E. 1397 Oahu BISH 1930-12-14
71 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Haleiwa dry rock at outlet of tidal creek Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 197 Oahu BISH 1922-10-08
72 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense East Maui, Hana, SE of Kauiki from Kaihalulu Bay to Ka Iwi O Pele coastal cliff with Scaevola, Bacopa, Sesuvium Preserved_Specimen Flynn, T.W. 2547 Maui BISH 1987-10-22
73 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense South Point (Ka Lae), Kau District, near sea level growing in sandy substrate of strand, along with Jacquemontia and Heliotropium curassavicum. Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. 266 Hawaii BISH 1979-10-30
74 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense E of South Point arid coastal plain Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 7398 Hawaii BISH 1929-09-16
75 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Near Kealaikahiki Point Small points Preserved_Specimen Bryan Jr., E.H. 740 Kahoolawe BISH 1931-02-18
76 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Green Beach, Kaulani, Kau basalt ledges Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 25382 Hawaii BISH 1954-12-21
77 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Waimanalo beach Preserved_Specimen Seamster, Mrs.B. 7391 Oahu BISH 1926-01-28
78 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Mokeehia Island, off Hakuhee Point, Kahakuloa, West Maui dry, sandy areas Preserved_Specimen Kepler, A.K. 9 Maui BISH 1981-07-19
79 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Kekepa Island [Kaneohe Bay] Kekepa Island is a raised limestone reef. Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 5857 Oahu BISH 1976-06-06
80 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Makapuu, Maunalua upper beach Preserved_Specimen Grant, M.L. 7062 Oahu BISH 1934-07-12
81 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Mokeehia, offshore islet, S of Puu Koae, Kahakuloa Chenopodium oahuense, Heliotropium curassavicum, Chamaesyce celastroides, Lycium sandwicense, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Panicum fauriei, Sesuvium portulacastrum, Sida fallax Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 11178 Maui BISH 2005-04-04
82 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense NW shore, Keawaula Beach Park steep, rocky seashore slope Preserved_Specimen Mäkinen, L. 65128 Oahu BISH 1965-10-31
83 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Kipapa Islet, Kaneohe Bay coral reef with shallow, sandy soil Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 6122 Oahu BISH 1978-05-24
84 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Ewa Beach limestone, coast; Sesuvium portulacastrum Preserved_Specimen Davis, J. 87 Oahu BISH 1979-02-23
85 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Makapuu Lighthouse area, ca. 275 meters bearing ca. 12.2 degrees from Makapuu Lighthouse Exposed windward cliffs on mostly bare lava. Preserved_Specimen Snow, N. 10051 Oahu BISH 2011-03-05
86 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense South Point, near lighthouse rocky shore, in Pahala ash Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. 940 Hawaii BISH 1937-08-26
87 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Mahaulepu, Paoo Pt shallow pockets of sand in eroded beach rock Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 2346 Kauai BISH 1972-01-28
88 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Kohanaiki, Kona around anchialine pond Preserved_Specimen Funk, E.J. 203 Hawaii BISH 1990-04-23
89 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Makapuu Head soil among blocks of lava; with Lipochaeta integrifolia, Scaevola taccada, Sida fallax, Euphorbia degeneri Preserved_Specimen Carlquist, S. 2376 Oahu BISH 1966-10-05
90 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Kealaikahiki Ponit on western coast of island, near sea level On rocky sudstrate growing with Heteropogon contortus, Sida fallax, and Lipochaeta aff. rockii. Preserved_Specimen Cuddihy, L.W. 381 Kahoolawe BISH 1980-04-22
91 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Coast Guard Light House, Barber's Point Arid, coralline plain. Growing in assoc. w/ koa haole, kiawe, Achyranthes, Myoporum, Sesuvium, Lycium, Sporobolus virginicus, Cenchrus echinatus, Setaria verticillata. Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 502 Oahu BISH 1967-05-21
92 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Kola District. West side of Hanapepe Bay, Paakahi Point. Mixed native and not-native shrubland-grassland-herbland w/ Sida fallax, Lycium sandwicense, Jacquemontia ovalifolia, Ipomoea pes-caprae subsp. brasiliensis, Sporobolus virginicus, Sesuvium portulacastrum, Scaevola taccada, Vigna marina, Panicum torridum, P Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 17815 Kauai BISH 2018-04-09
93 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Lighthouse, by sea cliffs Sea cliffs Preserved_Specimen Char, W.P. 78.072 Kahoolawe BISH 1978-11-25
94 Lycium carolinianum var. sandwicense Mokalii Islet, Kualoa rock ledges Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 13588 Oahu BISH 1937-01-31
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